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Frederick Li received both a Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Computing Studies and a Master of Philosophy from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and a Ph.D. degree in Computer Graphics from City University of Hong Kong. He is currently an Associate Professor at University of Durham. Prior to the current appointment, he was an Assistant Professor at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University from 2003 to 2006, and had been the project manger of a Hong Kong Government Innovation and Technology Fund (ITF) funded project.

Frederick Li is currently an Associate Editor of Frontiers in Education (Digital Education) and an Editorial Board Member of Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware. He has served as an Associate Editor of International Journal of Distance Education Technologies and a Guest Editor of three of its special issues. He has also served as a Conference Co-chair of ICWL 2022, Program Co-chair of ISVC 2021, ICWL 2015/2013/2008/2007 and IDET 2008-2009. In addition, he has served as a a Poster & Demo Track Co-Chair of EDM 2022, a Workshop Co-chair of ICWL 2009 and U-Media 2009, a Publicity Co-Chair of ACM MTDL 2010 and U-Media 2010, and a Local Co-Chair of BMVC 2018.

Departmental Duties: In the department, he has served as Chair of Board of Examiners of both UG and PGT Programmes, PGT Programme Director, and Chair of Taught Postgraduate Management Committee (CS and Engineering).

External Appointment: External Examiner for a taught MSc programme in Northumbria University (2022-2026)

Research Projects

Mesh Saliency
"A Unified Deep Metric Representation for Mesh Saliency Detection and Non-rigid Shape Matching," IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2020. [Download] "Sparse Metric-based Mesh Saliency," Neurocomputing, 2020. [Download] "Visual Saliency Guided Textured Model Simplification," The Visual Computer, 2016. [Download] "Salient Region of Textured 3D Model," Pacific Graphics (Poster Paper), 2010. [Download]
Graphics Modeling and Transmission
"Stable Hand Pose Estimation under Tremor via Graph Neural Network," IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (IEEE VR 2021). "Motion-aware Compression and Transmission of Mesh Animation Sequences," ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 2019. [Download] "Compressed Dynamic Mesh Sequence for Progressive Streaming," Computer Animaion and Virtual Worlds, 2018. [Download] "Feature-varying skeletonization - Intuitive control over the target feature size and output skeleton topology," The Visual Computer, 2012. [Download] "Game-On-Demand: An Online Game Engine based on Geometry Streaming," ACM Trans. on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications, 2011. [Download] "A Trajectory-Preserving Synchronization Method for Collaborative Visualization," IEEE Trans. on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2006. [Download] "VSculpt: A Distributed Virtual Sculpting Environment for Collaborative Design," IEEE Transcations on Multimedia, 2003. [Download] "Real-Time Rendering of Deformable Parametric Free-Form Surfaces," ACM VRST, 1999. [PDF] "Interactive Rendering of Deforming NURBS Surfaces," Computer Graphics Forum (special issue on Eurographics '97), 1997. [PDF]
Remote Rendering and Perceptual Quality Assessment
"Perceptual Quality Assessment on DIBR Synthesized Videos with Composite Distortions," IEEE ICIP '2020. [Download] "Deep Blind Synthesized Image Quality Assessment with Contextual Multi-level Feature Pooling," IEEE ICIP '2019. [Download] "No-Reference Synthesized Image Quality Assessment with Convolutional Neural Network and Local Image Saliency," Computational Visual Media, 2019. [Download]  "Scalable Remote Rendering using Synthesized Image Quality Assessment," IEEE Access, 2018. [Download] "DOOBNet: Deep Object Occlusion Boundary Detection from an Image," ACCV 2018 (Oral Paper), arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.03772, Dec. 2018. [Link]
Cloud Modeling
"Cumuliform Cloud Formation Control using Parameter-Predicting Convolutional Neural Network," Graphical Models, 2020. [Download] "Target-Driven Cloud Evolution using Position-Based Fluids," Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, (To appear) [Download] "Modeling Detailed Cloud Scene from Multi-source Images," Pacific Graphics 2018 (Short Paper) [Download] "Modeling Cumulus Cloud Scenes from High-resolution Satellite Images," Computer Graphics Forum, 2017. [Download]
Coloring and Beautification
"Facial Reshaping Operator for Controllable Face Beautification," Expert Systems with Applications, 2020. [Download] "Example-Based Image Recoloring in an Indoor Environment," Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, (To appear) [Download] "A Color-Pair Based Approach for Accurate Color Harmony Estimation," Computer Graphics Forum, 2019. [Download] "Image Recoloring For Home Scene," ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry (VRCAI '18), 2018. [Download]
Student Performance Analytics
"Study on Student Performance Estimation, Student Progress Analysis, and Student Potential Prediction based on Data Mining," Computers & Education, 2018. [Download] "Failure Rates in Introductory Programming Revisited," ACM Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE), 2014. (Best Paper Award) [Download] "No Tests Required: Comparing Traditional and Dynamic Predictors of Programming Success," ACM SIGCSE 2014, 2014. [Download] "Predicting Performance in an Introductory Programming Course by Logging and Analyzing Student Programming Behavior," IEEE Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), 2013. (Outstanding Paper Award) [Download] "BlueFix: Using Crowd-Sourced Feedback to Support Programming Students in Error Diagnosis and Repair," International Conference on Web-based Learning, 2012. [Download]
Educational Technologies
"A Fine-Grained Outcome-based Learning Path Model," IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 2014. [Download] "Recent Development in Multimedia e-Learning Technologies," World Wide Web, 2014. [Download] "Game-Based Concept Visualization for Learning Programming," ACM Workshop on Multimedia Technologies for Distance Learning , 2011. [Download] "A Pedagogical Interface for Authoring Adaptive e-Learning Courses," ACM Multimedia technologies for distance learning, 2010. [Download] "Learning Programming Languages through Corrective Feedback and Concept Visualisation," International Conference on Web-based Learning, 2011. [Download] "An Open Model for Learning Path Construction," International Conference on Web-based Learning, 2010. (ICWL 2010 Best Student Paper Award) [Download] "A Three-Tier Profiling Framework for Adaptive e-Learning," International Conference on Web-based Learning , 2009. [Download] "Technology Supports for Distributed and Collaborative Learning over the Internet," ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT) , 2008. [Download]
Papers published from supervised undergraduate projects
"WaveMix - A Multi-Task Neural Architecture for Music Performance Extraction," WiML Workshop at ICML 2020. "A Pedagogical Interface for Authoring Adaptive e-Learning Courses," ACM Multimedia technologies for distance learning, 2010. [Download]

• Collaborative Virtual Environment
• Computer Graphics
• Educational Technologies
• Graphics Modeling and Transmission
• Augmented and Virtual Reality
• Machine Learning and Deep Learning

• 2000: Journal Editorialships: Associate Editor of Frontiers in Education (Digital Education) and an Editorial Board Member of Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware.
• 2000: Conference Organization: Conference Co-chair of ICWL 2022, Program Co-chair of ISVC 2021, ICWL 2015/2013/2008/2007 and IDET 2008-2009. In addition, he has served as a a Poster & Demo Track Co-Chair of EDM 2022, a Workshop Co-chair of ICWL 2009 and U-Media 2009, a Publicity Co-Chair of ACM MTDL 2010 and U-Media 2010, and a Local Co-Chair of BMVC 2018.

Chapter in book

• Yang, F., Li, F. W., & Lau, R. W. (2012). Learning Path Construction Based on Association Link Network. In E. Popescu, Q. Li, R. Klamma, H. Leung, & M. Specht (Eds.), Advances in web-based learning (ICWL 2012) : proceedings of 11th International Conference, Sinaia, Romania, September 2-4, 2012 (120-131). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33642-3_13

Conference Paper

• Wang, Y., Leng, Z., Li, F. W. B., Wu, S., & Liang, X. (in press). Fg-T2M: Fine-Grained Text-Driven Human Motion Generation via Diffusion Model.
• Yang, B., Sun, H., Li, F. W. B., Chen, Z., Cai, J., & Song, C. (in press). HSE: Hybrid Species Embedding for Deep Metric Learning.
• Zhou, K., Chen, C., Ma, Y., Leng, Z., Shum, H. P., Li, F. W., & Liang, X. (in press). A Mixed Reality Training System for Hand-Object Interaction in Simulated Microgravity Environments. In Proceedings of the 2023 International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
• Yang, B., Chen, Z., Li, F. W. B., Sun, H., & Cai, J. (in press). DrawGAN: Multi-view Generative Model Inspired By The Artist's Drawing Method.
• Alsaqqaf, A., & Li, F. W. (in press). Gamifying Experiential Learning Theory. In ICWL 2022, SETE 2022: Learning Technologies and Systems (16-28). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33023-0_2
• Vijendran, M., Li, F. W., & Shum, H. P. (2023). Tackling Data Bias in Painting Classification with Style Transfer. In Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 5 VISAPP: VISAPP (250-261). https://doi.org/10.5220/0011776600003417
• Almushyti, M., & Li, F. W. (2022). STIT: Spatio-Temporal Interaction Transformers for Human-Object Interaction Recognition in Videos. . https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr56361.2022.9956030
• Qiao, T., Men, Q., Li, F. W., Kubotani, Y., Morishima, S., & Shum, H. P. (2022). Geometric Features Informed Multi-person Human-object Interaction Recognition in Videos. . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19772-7_28
• Yang, B., Wang, Q., Li, F. W., Liang, X., Wei, T., & Zhu, C. (2022). Aesthetic Enhancement via Color Area and Location Awareness. In Y. Yang, A. D. Parakkat, B. Deng, & S. T. Noh (Eds.), . https://doi.org/10.2312/pg.20221247
• Zhou, K., Cheng, Z., Shum, H. P., Li, F. W., & Liang, X. (2021). STGAE: Spatial-Temporal Graph Auto-Encoder for Hand Motion Denoising. . https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar52148.2021.00018
• Almushyti, M., & Li, F. W. (2019). Recognising Human-Object Interactions Using Attention-based LSTMs. In F. P. Vidal, G. K. . L. Tam, & J. C. Roberts (Eds.), Computer Graphics and Visual Computing (CGVC) (135-139). https://doi.org/10.2312/cgvc.20191269
• Wang, X., Wang, K., Yang, B., Li, F. W., & Liang, X. (2019). Deep Blind Synthesized Image Quality Assessment with Contextual Multi-Level Feature Pooling. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing Proceedings (435-439). https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8802943
• Lin, X., Wang, X., Li, F. W., Yang, B., Zhang, K., & Wei, T. (2018). Image recoloring for home scene. In VRCAI '18 Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry. https://doi.org/10.1145/3284398.3284404
• Cen, Y., Liang, X., Chen, J., Yang, B., & Li, F. W. (2018). Modeling Detailed Cloud Scene from Multi-source Images. In H. Fu, A. Ghosh, & J. Kopf (Eds.), Pacific graphics short papers, (49-52). https://doi.org/10.2312/pg.20181278
• Watson, C., & Li, F. W. (2014). Failure rates in introductory programming revisited. In Å. Cajander, M. Daniels, T. Clear, & A. Pears (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Innovation & technology in computer science education (ITiCSE '14) (39-44). https://doi.org/10.1145/2591708.2591749
• Watson, C., Li, F. W., & Godwin, J. L. (2014). No Tests Required: Comparing Traditional and Dynamic Predictors of Programming Success. In J. . D. Dougherty, K. Nagel, A. Decker, & K. Eiselt (Eds.), Proceedings of the 45th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (469-474). https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538930
• Watson, C., Li, F. W., & Godwin, J. L. (2013). Predicting Performance in an Introductory Programming Course by Logging and Analyzing Student Programming Behavior. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2013) (319-323). https://doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2013.99
• Watson, C., Li, F. W., & Godwin, J. L. (2012). BlueFix: Using Crowd-sourced Feedback to Support Programming Students in Error Diagnosis and Repair. In E. Popescu, Q. Li, R. Klamma, H. Leung, & M. Specht (Eds.), Advances in Web-Based Learning - ICWL 2012: 11th International Conference, Sinaia, Romania, September 2-4, 2012 ; proceedings (228-239). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33642-3_25
• Zheng, Q., Li, F. L., & Lau, R. (2010). Sketching-Based Skeleton Generation. In 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing (U-Media 2010), 5-6 July 2010, Jinhua, China (179-186). https://doi.org/10.1109/umedia.2010.5544472
• Yang, F., Li, F., & Lau, R. (2009). Active Contour Projection for Mesh Segmentation. In Joint Conferences on Pervasive Computing (JCPC), 2009 ; Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan, 3 - 5 Dec. 2009 ; [including two conferences and three workshops] (865-874). https://doi.org/10.1109/jcpc.2009.5420066
• Li, F., Lau, R., & Kilis, D. (2004). GameOD: An Internet Based Game-On-Demand Framework. In R. Lau, & G. Baciu (Eds.), . https://doi.org/10.1145/1077534.1077559
• Li, F., Li, L., & Lau, R. (2004). Supporting Continuous Consistency in Multiplayer Online Games. . https://doi.org/10.1145/1027527.1027619

Edited book

• Li, F. W., Klamma, R., Laanpere, M., Zhang, J., Manjón, B., & Lau, R. W. (Eds.). Advances in Web-Based Learning - ICWL 2015. Springer Verlag

Journal Article

• Cen, Y., Li, C., Li, F. W. B., Yang, B., & Liang, X. (in press). A Differential Diffusion Theory for Participating Media. Computer Graphics Forum, 42(7),
• Song, C., Li, S., Li, F. W. B., & Yang, B. (in press). WDFSR: Normalizing Flow based on Wavelet-Domain for Super-Resolution. Computational Visual Media,
• Zhou, K., Shum, H. P., Li, F. W., & Liang, X. (in press). Multi-Task Spatial-Temporal Graph Auto-Encoder for Hand Motion Denoising. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,
• Jiang, Z., Wang, G., Tam, G. K. L., Song, C., Yang, B., & Li, F. W. B. (2023). An end-to-end dynamic point cloud geometry compression in latent space. Displays, 80, Article 102528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2023.102528
• Jiang, Z., Ding, L., Tam, G., Song, C., Li, F. W., & Yang, B. (2023). C2SPoint: A classification-to-saliency network for point cloud saliency detection. Computers and Graphics, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2023.07.003
• Yang, B., zhu, C., Li, F. W., Wei, T., Liang, X., & Wang, Q. (2023). IAACS: Image Aesthetic Assessment Through Color Composition And Space Formation. Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware, 5(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vrih.2022.06.006
• Zhou, K., Cai, R., Ma, Y., Tan, Q., Wang, X., Li, J., …Liang, X. (2023). A Video-Based Augmented Reality System for Human-in-the-Loop Muscle Strength Assessment of Juvenile Dermatomyositis. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 29(5), 2456-2466. https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247092
• Almushyti, M., & Li, F. W. (2022). Distillation of human–object interaction contexts for action recognition. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 33(5), Article e2107. https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.2107
• Hu, S., Shum, H. P., Liang, X., Li, F. W., & Aslam, N. (2021). Facial reshaping operator for controllable face beautification. Expert Systems with Applications, 167, Article 114067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114067
• Hu, S., Shum, H., Aslam, N., Li, F. W., & Liang, X. (2020). A Unified Deep Metric Representation for Mesh Saliency Detection and Non-rigid Shape Matching. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 22(9), 2278-2292. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2019.2952983
• Zhang, Z., Ma, Y., Li, Y., Li, F. W., Shum, H. P., Yang, B., …Liang, X. (2020). Cumuliform Cloud Formation Control using Parameter-Predicting Convolutional Neural Network. Graphical Models, 111, Article 101083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gmod.2020.101083
• Hu, S., Liang, X., Shum, H. P., Li, F. W., & Aslam, N. (2020). Sparse Metric-based Mesh Saliency. Neurocomputing, 400, 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.02.106
• Lin, X., Wang, X., Li, F. W., Li, J., Yang, B., Zhang, K., & Wei, T. (2020). Example-based Image Recoloring in Indoor Environment. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 31(2), Article e1917. https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.1917
• Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Yang, B., Li, F. W., & Liang, X. (2020). Target‐driven cloud evolution using position‐based fluids. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 31(6), https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.1937
• Yang, B., Jiang, Z., Shangguan, J., Li, F. W., Song, C., Guo, Y., & Xu, M. (2019). Compressed Dynamic Mesh Sequence for Progressive Streaming. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 30(6), Article e1847. https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.1847
• Yang, B., Wei, T., Fang, X., Deng, Z., Li, F. W., Ling, Y., & Wang, X. (2019). A Color-Pair Based Approach for Accurate Color Harmony Estimation. Computer Graphics Forum, 38(7), 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13854
• Wang, X., Liang, X., Yang, B., & Li, F. W. (2019). No-reference synthetic image quality assessment with convolutional neural network and local image saliency. Computational Visual Media, 5(2), 193-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41095-019-0131-6
• Yang, B., Zhang, L., Li, F. W., Xiaoheng, J., Zhigang, D., Wang, M., & Xu, M. (2019). Motion-aware Compression and Transmission of Mesh Animation Sequences. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 10(3), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3300198
• Yang, F., & Li, F. W. (2018). Study on student performance estimation, student progress analysis, and student potential prediction based on data mining. Computers & Education, 123, 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.006
• Wang, X., Liang, X., Yang, B., & Li, F. W. (2018). Scalable Remote Rendering using Synthesized Image Quality Assessment. IEEE Access, 6, 36595-36610. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2853132
• Zhang, Z., Liang, X., Yuan, C., & Li, F. W. (2017). Modeling Cumulus Cloud Scenes from High-resolution Satellite Images. Computer Graphics Forum, 36(7), 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13288
• Yang, B., Li, F. W., Wang, X., Xu, M., Liang, X., Jiang, Z., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Visual saliency guided textured model simplification. Visual Computer, 32(11), 1415-1432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-015-1129-4
• Yang, B., Wang, X., Li, F. W., Xie, B., Liang, X., & Jiang, Z. (2016). 3D Mesh Compression and Transmission for Mobile Robotic Applications. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 13, Article 9. https://doi.org/10.5772/62035
• Lau, R. W., Yen, N. Y., Li, F. W., & Wah, B. (2014). Recent development in multimedia e-learning technologies. World Wide Web, 17(2), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-013-0206-8
• Yang, F., Li, F. W., & Lau, R. W. (2014). A Fine-Grained Outcome-Based Learning Path Model. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 44(2), 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2013.2263133
• Chan, A., & Li, F. W. (2013). Utilizing Massive Spatiotemporal Samples for Efficient and Accurate Trajectory Prediction. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 12(12), 2346-2359. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.214
• Willcocks, C. G., & Li, F. W. (2012). Feature-Varying Skeletonization. Visual Computer, 28(6-8), 775-785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-012-0688-x
• Li, F., Lau, R., Kilis, D., & Li, L. (2011). Game-On-Demand: An Online Game Engine based on Geometry Streaming. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications, 7(3), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1145/2000486.2000493
• Zheng, Q., & Li, F. (2011). A Mobile Environment for Sketching-based Skeleton Generation. World Wide Web, 14(3), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-010-0104-2
• Li, F., Lau, R., & Dharmendran, P. (2010). An Adaptive Course Generation Framework. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 8(3), 74-85. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdet.2010070104
• Li, Q., Lau, R., Leung, E., Li, F., Lee, V., Wah, B. W., & Ashman, H. (2009). Emerging Internet Technologies for E-Learning. IEEE Internet Computing, 13(4), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2009.83
• Li, F., Zhao, J., Lam, B., & Lau, R. (2009). An Efficient Method for Simulating Flexible Connectors. Journal of multimedia, 4(2), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.4304/jmm.4.2.94-100
• Yang, B., Li, F., Pan, Z., & Wang, X. (2008). An Effective Error Resilient Packetization Scheme for Progressive Mesh Transmission over Unreliable Networks. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 23(6), 1015-1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11390-008-9195-y
• Li, Q., Lau, R., Shih, T., & Li, F. (2008). Technology Supports for Distributed and Collaborative Learning over the Internet. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 8(2), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1145/1323651.1323656
• Li, F., Lau, R., Komura, T., Wang, M., & Siu, B. (2007). Adaptive Animation of Human Motion for e-Learning Applications. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 5(2), 74-85
• Li, L., Li, F., & Lau, R. (2006). A Trajectory-Preserving Synchronization Method for Collaborative Visualization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(5), 989-996. https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2006.114
• Cheung, G., Lau, R., & Li, F. (2006). Efficient Rendering of Deformable Objects for Real-time Applications. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 17(1), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.71
• Ng, B., Lau, R. W., Si, A., & Li, F. (2005). Multi-server support for large scale distributed virtual environments. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 7(6), 1054-1065. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2005.858388
• Li, F., Lau, R. W., & Ng, F. (2003). VSculpt : a distributed virtual sculpting environment for collaborative design. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 5(4), 570-580. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2003.814795
• Lau, R., Li, F., Kunii, T., Guo, B., Zhang, B., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., …Gutierrez, M. (2003). Emerging Web Graphics Standards and Technologies
• Li, F., & Lau, R. (1999). Incremental polygonization of deforming NURBS surfaces. Journal of graphics tools (2012), 4(4), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10867651.1999.10487514
• Li, F., Lau, R., & Green, M. (1997). Interactive Rendering of Deforming NURBS Surfaces. Computer Graphics Forum, 16(3), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.00141