Staff profile

** Please note, this webpage may be outdated, as Dr Lei Shi has joined the Open Lab at Newcastle University as a Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor). You may find his new profile page here. To apply for PhD study, academic visiting, etc., please get in touch using lei.shi@ncl.ac.uk

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Dr Shi is director of the Haii Lab, a member of the Artificial Intelligence and Human Systems (AIHS) research group, and an associate of the Institute for Data Science (IDAS). He is interested in improving the interaction between humans and AI agents by integrating Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) approaches with Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques.

Google Scholar profile.

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We are hiring!

We are searching for a postdoctoral research associate to join our recently launched EPSRC-sponsored project for a fixed duration of 33 months. For details, please refer to the job description.

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I am a local organizer and Web Chair for AIED2022 and EDM2022. I am Proceedings Chair for IoT2022 and Workshop/Tutorial Chair for AIED2023.

• Human-AI Interaction
• Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence
• Explainable Machine Learning
• Bias in Machine Learning
• Machine Learning for Education
• Machine Learning for Healthcare and Wellbeing

Chapter in book

• Drousiotis, Efthyvoulos, Pentaliotis, Panagiotis, Shi, Lei & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2022). Balancing Fined-Tuned Machine Learning Models Between Continuous and Discrete Variables - A Comprehensive Analysis Using Educational Data. In Artificial Intelligence in Education. Springer, Cham. 13355: 256-268.
• Xiao, Chenghao, Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra, Li, Zhaoxing & Pan, Ziqi (2022). Fine-grained Main Ideas Extraction and Clustering of Online Course Reviews. In Artificial Intelligence in Education. Rodrigo, M.M., Matsuda, N., Cristea, A.I. & Dimitrova, V. Springer, Cham. 13355: 294-306.
• Li, Zhaoxing, Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra, Zhou, Yunzhan, Xiao, Chenghao & Pan, Ziqi (2022). SimStu-Transformer: A Transformer-Based Approach to Simulating Student Behaviour. In Artificial Intelligence in Education. Posters and Late Breaking Results, Workshops and Tutorials, Industry and Innovation Tracks, Practitioners’ and Doctoral Consortium. Springer, Cham. 13356: 348-351.
• Drousiotis, Efthyvoulos, Shi, Lei, Spirakis, Paul G. & Maskell, Simon (2022). Novel Decision Forest Building Techniques by Utilising Correlation Coefficient Methods. In Engineering Applications of Neural Networks: 23rd International Conference, EAAAI/EANN 2022, Chersonissos, Crete, Greece, June 17–20, 2022, Proceedings. Iliadis, Lazaros, Jayne, Chrisina, Tefas, Anastasios & Pimenidis, Elias Springer, Cham. 1600: 90-102.
• Drousiotis, Efthyvoulos, Pentaliotis, Panagiotis, Shi, Lei & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2021). Capturing Fairness and Uncertainty in Student Dropout Prediction – A Comparison Study. In Artificial Intelligence in Education. Roll, Ido McNamara, Danielle Sosnovsky, Sergey Luckin, Rose & Dimitrova, Vania Springer, Cham. 12749: 139-144.
• Shi, Lei, Yang, Bokuan & Toda, Armando (2020). Temporal Analysis in Massive Open Online Courses – Towards Identifying at-Risk Students Through Analyzing Demographical Changes. In Advances in Information Systems Development. Siarheyeva, A., Barry, C., Lang, M., Linger, H. & Schneider, C. Cham: Springer. 39: 146-163.
• Alamri, Ahmed, Sun, Zhongtian, Cristea, Alexandra I., Senthilnathan, Gautham, Shi, Lei & Stewart, Craig (2020). Is MOOC Learning Different for Dropouts? A Visually-Driven, Multi-granularity Explanatory ML Approach. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Kumar, Vivekanandan & Troussas, Christos Springer International Publishing. 12149: 353-363.
• Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra I., Toda, Armando M. & Oliveira, Wilk (2020). Exploring Navigation Styles in a FutureLearn MOOC. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Kumar, Vivekanandan & Troussas, Christos Springer. 12149: 45-55.
• Alamri, Ahmed, Alshehri, Mohammad, Cristea, Alexandra I., Pereira, Filipe D., Oliveira, Elaine, Shi, Lei & Stewart, Craig (2019). Predicting MOOCs Dropout Using Only Two Easily Obtainable Features from the First Week’s Activities. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems. ITS 2019. Coy, Andre, Hayashi, Yugo & Chang, Maiga Cham: Springer. 11528: 163-173.
• Shi, Lei, MacKrill, James, Dimitrokali, Elisavet, Dawson, Carolyn & Cain, Rebecca (2015). Digital Co-design Applied to Healthcare Environments: A Comparative Study. In Human-Computer Interaction -- INTERACT 2015. Abascal, Julio, Barbosa, Simone, Fetter, Mirko, Gross, Tom, Palanque, Philippe & Winckler, Marco Springer International Publishing. 9299: 518-522.
• Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra I. & Stewart, Craig (2015). Students as Customers: Participatory Design for Adaptive Web 3.0. In The Evolution of the Internet in the Business Sector: Web 1.0 to Web 3.0. Isaías, Pedro, Kommers, Piet & Issa, Tomayess IGI Global. 306-331.
• Shi, Lei, Gkotsis, George, Stepanyan, Karen, Al Qudah, Dana & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2013). Social Personalized Adaptive E-Learning Environment: Topolor - Implementation and Evaluation. In Artificial Intelligence in Education. Lane, H.C., Yacef, K., Mostow, J. & Pavlik, P. Springer. 7926: 708-711.
• Shi, Lei, Al Qudah, Dana, Qaffas, Alaa & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2013). Topolor: A Social Personalized Adaptive E-Learning System. In User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization. Carberry, S., Weibelzahl, S., Micarelli, A. & Semeraro, G. Springer. 7899: 338-340.

Conference Paper

• Sun, Zhongtian, Harit, Anoushka, Cristea, Alexandra I., Yu, Jialin, Shi, Lei & Al Moubayed, Noura (2022), Contrastive Learning with Heterogeneous Graph Attention Networks on Short Text Classification, 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). Padova, Italy, IEEE.
• Yu, Jialin, Cristea, Alexandra I., Harit, Anoushka, Sun, Zhongtian, Aduragba, Olanrewaju Tahir, Shi, Lei & Al Moubayed, Noura (2022), INTERACTION: A Generative XAI Framework for Natural Language Inference Explanations, 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). Padova, Italy, IEEE.
• Yu, Jialin, Cristea, Alexandra I., Harit, Anoushka, Sun, Zhongtian, Aduragba, Olanrewaju Tahir, Shi, Lei & Al Moubayed, Noura (2022), Efficient Uncertainty Quantification for Multilabel Text Classification, 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). Padova, Italy, IEEE.
• Drousiotis, Efthyvoulos, Shi, Lei & Maskell, Simon (2021), Early Predictor for Student Success Based on Behavioural and Demographical Indicators, in Cristea, Alexandra I. & Troussas, Christos eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12677: International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems 2021. Springer, 161-172.
• Sun, Zhongtian, Harit, Anoushka, Yu, Jialin, Cristea, Alexandra I. & Shi, Lei (2021), A Brief Survey of Deep Learning Approaches for Learning Analytics on MOOCs, in Cristea, A. I. & Troussas, C. eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12677: Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Athens, Greece, Springer, Cham, 28-37.
• Hodgson, Ryan, Cristea, Alexandra, Shi, Lei & Graham, John (2021), Wide-Scale Automatic Analysis of 20 Years of ITS Research, in Cristea, Alexandra I. & Troussas, Christos eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12677: Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Athens, Springer International Publishing, 8-21.
• Yu, Jialin, Alrajhi, Laila, Harit, Anoushka, Sun, Zhongtian, Cristea, Alexandra I. & Shi, Lei (2021), Exploring Bayesian Deep Learning for Urgent Instructor Intervention Need in MOOC Forums, in Cristea, Alexandra I. & Troussos, Christos eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12677: Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Athens, Greece / Virtual, Springer, Cham, 78-90.
• Alharbi, Kholood, Cristea, Alexandra I., Shi, Lei, Tymms, Peter & Brown, Chris (2021), Agent-based Simulation of the Classroom Environment to Gauge the Effect of Inattentive or Disruptive Students, in Cristea, Alexandra I. & Troussas, Christos eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12677: Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Athens, Greece / Virtual, Springer, Cham, 211-223.
• Li, Zhaoxing, Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra I. & Zhou, Yunzhan (2021), A Survey of Collaborative Reinforcement Learning: Interactive Methods and Design Patterns, ACM Designing Interactive Systems (DIS). Virtual, Association for Computing Machinery, 1579-1590.
• Alharbi, Kholood, Cristea, Alexandra I., Shi, Lei, Tymms, Peter & Brown, Chris (2021), Agent-based Classroom Environment Simulation: the Effect of Disruptive Schoolchildren’s Behaviour versus Teacher Control over Neighbours, in Roll, Ido McNamara, Danielle Sosnovsky, Sergey Luckin, Rose & Dimitrova, Vania eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12749: The 22nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Utrecht, Springer, Cham, 48-53.
• Aduragba, Olanrewaju Tahir, Yu, Jialin, Cristea, Alexandra & Shi, Lei (2021), Detecting Fine-Grained Emotions on Social Media during Major Disease Outbreaks: Health and Well-being before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2021: AMIA 2021 Annual Symposium. San Diego, USA, American Medical Informatics Association.
• Oliveira, Wilk, Toda, Armando M., Palomino, Paula T., Rodrigues, Luiz, Shi, Lei & Isotani, Seiji (2020), Towards Automatic Flow Experience Identification in Educational Systems: A Qualitative Study, Anais do XXXI Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, 702-711.
• Yu, Jialin, Aduragba, Olanrewaju Tahir, Sun, Zhongtian, Black, Sue, Stewart, Craig, Shi, Lei & Cristea, Alexandra (2020), Temporal Sentiment Analysis of Learners: Public Versus Private Social Media Communication Channels in a Women-in-Tech Conversion Course, 2020 15th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE). Delft, Netherlands, IEEE, 182-187.
• Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra I., Toda, Armando M., Oliveira, Wilk & Alamri Ahmad (2020), Social Interactions Clustering MOOC Students: An Exploratory Study, in Chang, Maiga, Sampson, Demetrios G., Huang, Ronghuai, Hooshyar, Danial, Chen, Nian-Shing, Kinshuk & Pedaste, Margus eds, The 20th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). Tartu, Estonia, IEEE, 172-174.
• Oliveira, Wilk, Toda, Armando, Toledo, Paula, Shi, Lei, Vassileva, Julita, Bittencourt, Ig Ibert & Isotani, Seiji (2020), Does Tailoring Gamified Educational Systems Matter? The Impact on Students' Flow Experience, The 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences(HICSS). Grand Wailea, Maui, ScholarSpace, 1226-1235.
• Yang, Bokuan, Shi, Lei & Toda, Armando (2019), Demographical Changes of Student Subgroups in MOOCs: Towards Predicting At-Risk Students, in Siarheyeva, A. Barry, C. Lang, M. Linger, H. & Schneider, C. eds, 28th International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2019). Toulon, France, Association for Information Systems.
• Toda, Armando, Palomino,Paula, Rodrigues, Luiz, Oliveira, Wilk, Shi, Lei, Isotani, Seiji & Cristea, Alexandra (2019), Validating the Effectiveness of Data-Driven Gamification Recommendations: An Exploratory Study, The Brazilian Symposium on Informatics in Education (SBIE). Brasilia, Brasil, 763-772.
• Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra I., Toda, Armando & Oliveira, Wilk (2019), Revealing the Hidden Patterns: A Comparative Study on Profiling Subpopulations of MOOC Students, in Siarheyeva, A. Barry, C. Lang, M. Linger, H. & Schneide, C. eds, 28th International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2019). Toulon, France, Association for Information Systems.
• Oliveira,Wilk, Toda,Armando Maciel, Palomino,Paula Toledo, Rodrigues, Luiz, Shi,Lei & Isotani,Seiji (2019), Towards Automatic Flow Experience Identification in Educational Systems: A Theory-driven Approach, CHI PLAY 19. Barcelona, Spain, ACM, 581-588.
• Toda, Armando, Oliveira, Wilk, Klock, Ana, Shi, Lei, Bittencourt, Ig Ibert, Gasparini, Isabela, Isotani, Seiji, Cristea, Alexandra I. & Palomino, Paula (2019), A Taxonomy of Game Elements for Gamification in Educational Contexts: Proposal and Evaluation, 2161: International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies and Technology-enhanced Learning. Maceió, Brazil, IEEE, 84-88.
• Toda, Armando, Oliveira, Wilk, Shi, Lei, Bittencourt, Ig Ibert, Isotani, Seiji & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2019), Planning Gamification Strategies based on User Characteristics and DM: A Gender-based Case Study, in Desmarais, Michel, Lynch, Collin F., Merceron,Agathe & Nkambou, Roger eds, International Conference on Educational Data Mining. Montréal, Canada, Educational Data Mining 2019, Montréal, Canada, 438-443.
• Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra I., Toda, Armando M. & Oliveira, Wilk (2019), Social Engagement versus Learning Engagement - An Exploratory Study of FutureLearn Learners, Dalian, Liaoning, IEEE, 476-483.
• Cristea, Alexandra I., Alamri, Ahmed, Alshehri, Mohammad, Kayama, Mizue, Foss, Jonathan, Shi, Lei & Stewart, Craig D. (2018), Can Learner Characteristics Predict Their Behaviour on MOOCs?, 10th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers - ICETC '18. Tokyo, ACM, New York, 119-125.
• Cristea, Alexandra I., Alamri, Ahmed, Kayama, Mizue, Stewart, Craig, Alshehri, Mohammad & Shi, Lei (2018), Earliest Predictor of Dropout in MOOCs: A Longitudinal Study of FutureLearn Courses, in Andersson, B., Johansson, B., Carlsson, S., Barry, C., Lang, M., Linger, H. & Schneider, C. eds, 27th International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2018). Lund, Sweden, Association for Information Systems.
• Cristea, Alexandra I., Alamri, Ahmed, Kayama, Mizue, Stewart, Craig, Alshehri, Mohammad & Shi, Lei (2018), How is Learning Fluctuating? FutureLearn MOOCs Fine-grained Temporal Analysis and Feedback to Teachers and Designers, in Andersson, B., Johansson, B., Carlsson, S., Barry, C., Lang, M., Linger, H. & Schneider, C. eds, 27th International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2018). Lund, Sweden, Association for Information Systems.
• Alshehri,Mohammad, Foss,Jonathan, Cristea,Alexandra I., Kayama,Mizue, Shi,Lei, Alamri,Ahmed & Tsakalidis,Adam (2018), On the need for fine-grained analysis of Gender versus Commenting Behaviour in MOOCs, ACM International Conference Proceedings Series (ICPS) 3rd International Conference on Information and Education Innovations (ICIEI'18). London, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 73-77.
• Alamri, A., Rusby, H., Cristea, Alexandra I., Khan, J., Shi, Lei & Stewart, C. (2018), An intuitive Authoring System for a Personalised, Social, Gamified, Visualisation-supporting e-learning System, ACM International Conference Proceeding Series (ICPS) 3rd International Conference on Information and Education Innovations (ICIEI'18). London, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 57-61.
• Zhou, Yiwei, Cristea, Alexandra I. & Shi, Lei (2017), Connecting Targets to Tweets: Semantic Attention-based Model for Target-Specific stance Detection, in Bouguettaya, Athman Gao, Yunjun Klimenko, Andrey Chen, Lu Zhang, Xiangliang Dzerzhinskiy, Fedor Jia, Weijia Klimenko, Stanislav V. & Li, Qing eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10569: Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2017, 18th International Conference. Puschino, Russia, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 18-32.
• Alamri, Afaf S., Cristea, Alexandra I. & Shi, Lei (2016), Designing a Collaborative Group Project Recommender for an E-learning System, 2016 SAI Computing Conference (SAI). IEEE, 781-787.
• Shi, Lei, MacKrill, James, Dimitrokali, Elisavet & Cain, Rebecca (2015), Digital Crowdsourcing in Healthcare Environment Co-design, in Vogel, D., Guo, X., Barry, C. Lang, M., Linger, H & Schneider, C. eds, International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2015). Harbin, China, Association for Information Systems, 285-296.
• Shi, Lei, Dawson, Carolyn, MacKrill, James, Dimitrokali, Elisavet & Cain, Rebecca (2015), Digital Co-design: A Future Method?, British HCI '15 The 2015 British HCI Conference on - British HCI '15. Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom, Association for Computing Machinery, 295-296.
• Shi, Lei, Cristea, Alexandra I. & Hadzidedic, Suncica (2014), The Critical Role of Profiles in Social E-learning Design, SIGITE '14 The 15th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education. Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Association for Computing Machinery, 71-76.
• Shi, Lei & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2014), Making It Game-like: Topolor 2 and Gamified Social E-Learning, in Cantador, ván, Chi, Min, Farzan, Rosta & Jäschke, Robert eds, Posters, Demos, Late-breaking Results and Workshop Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization 1181: The 22nd Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP 2014). Aalborg, Denmark, CEUR-WS.org, 61-64.
• Shi, Lei, Cristea, A. I., Awan, M. S. K., Stewart, Craig & Hendrix, Maurice (2013), Towards understanding learning behavior patterns in social adaptive personalized e-learning systems, 5: 19th Americas Conference on Information Systems. Chicago, Association for Information Systems, 1-10.

Journal Article

• Oliveira, Wilk, Hamari, Juho, Shi, Lei, Toda, Armando M., Rodrigues, Luiz, Palomino, Paula T. & Isotani, Seiji (2023). Tailored gamification in education: A literature review and future agenda. Education and Information Technologies 28(1): 373–406.
• Xing, Baixi, Cao, Hanfei, Shi, Lei, Si, Huahao & Zhao, Lina (2022). AI‐driven user aesthetics preference prediction for UI layouts via deep convolutional neural networks. Cognitive Computation and Systems 4(3): 250-264.
• Xing, Baixi, Si, Huahao, Chen, Junbin, Ye, Minchao & Shi, Lei (2021). Computational Model for Predicting User Aesthetic Preference for GUI using DCNNs. CCF Transactions on Pervasive Computing and Interaction 3: 147-169.
• Toda, Armando M., Klock, Ana C. T., Oliveira, Wilk, Palomino, Paula T., Rodrigues, Luiz, Shi, Lei, Bittencourt, Ig, Gasparini, Isabela, Isotani, Seiji & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2019). Analysing Gamification Elements in Educational Environments Using an Existing Gamification Taxonomy. Smart Learning Environments 6(1).
• Shi, Lei & Cristea, Alexandra I. (2016). Learners Thrive When Using Multifaceted Open Social Learner Models. IEEE MultiMedia 23(1): 36-47.