Staff profile

I have research interests in the way in which different contexts affect learning and memory, and the mechanisms involved. Recently this has involved focusing on the way in which contexts influence memory, and using this as a way of developing an animal model of episodic memory. Other interests include the way in which reward outcomes affect learning (for example, do we learn quicker for larger rewards than small rewards and do rewards drive learning faster than punishment)and the way in which social context affects learning and memory. In addition I have a keen interest in the role of the cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain in learning and memory. These cells are intricately linked to the memory loss in Alzheimer's disease, and I have shown they may also be involved in other types of amnesia (such as medial temporal lobe amnesia).

• Animal Models of Episodic Memory
• Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning and Memory
• Learning and its relation to reward outcomes
• Role of the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain in Learning and Memory
• The ways in which social context modulate learning and memory

• 2024: President-Elect of the European Brain and Behaviour Society:
• 2024: Guest Editor of Special Issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Part B:
• 2023: Roving panel member of UKRI cross council interdisciplinary research call:
• 2022: Guest editor of Special Issue of Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews:
• 2021: Member of Portuguese FCT funding panel:
• 2020: Secretary General of the European Brain and Behavior Society:
• 2017: Member of European Brain and Behaviour Society Executive Committee:
• 2016: Associate Editor for Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews:
• 2016: Reviewing Editor for Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience:
• 2015: Member of NC3Rs CRACK IT Solutions Funding Panel:
• 2013: Member of NC3Rs studentship panel:
• 2012: Editor of Special Issue of Learning and Motivation: Editor of a special issue of Learning and Motivation on 'Remembering the Future'
• 2000: Associate Editor for Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (Learning & Memory Section):

Chapter in book

• Easton, A., Barros, M., & Lever, C. (2020). Acetylcholine and Spontaneous Recognition Memory in Rodents and Primates. In M. Shoaib, & T. Wallace (Eds.), Behavioral pharmacology of the cholinergic system (29-45). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2020_132
• Easton, A., & Eacott, M. (2008). A new working definition of episodic memory: replacing 'when' with 'which'. In E. Dere, A. Easton, L. Nadel, & J. Huston (Eds.), Handbook of Episodic Memory (185-196). Elsevier
• Easton, A. (2005). Behavioural flexibility, social learning and the frontal cortex. In A. Easton, & N. Emery (Eds.), The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Behaviour (59-79). Psychology Press
• Emery, N., & Easton, A. (2005). What is social cognitive neuroscience (SCN)?. In A. Easton, & N. Emery (Eds.), The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Behaviour (1-16). Psychology Press
• Parker, A., & Easton, A. (2004). Cross-modal memory in primates: The neural basis of learning about the multisensory properties of objects and events. In G. Calvert, C. Spence, & B. Stein (Eds.), The Handbook of Multisensory Processes (333-342). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press
• Easton, A., Parker, A., & Gaffan, D. (2002). Memory encoding and retrieval: The nature of interactions between the primate frontal lobe and posterior cortex. In A. Parker, E. Wilding, & T. Bussey (Eds.), The Cogntive Neuroscience of Memory: Encoding and Retrieval (173-196). Psychology Press
• Parker, A., Easton, A., & Gaffan, D. (2002). Memory encoding in the primate brain: The role of the basal forebrain. In A. Parker, E. Wilding, & T. Bussey (Eds.), The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory: Encoding and Retrieval (151-172). Psychology Press
• Easton, A., & Gaffan, D. (2000). Amygdala and the memory of reward: the importance of fibres of passage from the basal forebrain. In J. Aggleton (Ed.), The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis (569-586). OUP

Edited book

• Dere, E., Easton, A., Nadel, L., & Huston, J. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of Episodic Memory. Elsevier
• Easton, A., & Emery, N. (Eds.). (2005). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Behaviour. Psychology Press

Journal Article

• Easton, A., Horner, A. J., James, S. J., Kendal, J., Sutton, J., & Ainge, J. A. (2024). Context in memory is reconstructed, not encoded. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 167, Article 105934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105934
• Martin-Ordas, G., & Easton, A. (2024). Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 379(1913), Article 20230395. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0395
• Collaro, E., Barton, R. A., Ainge, J., & Easton, A. (2024). Measuring episodic memory and mental time travel: crossing the species gap. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 379(1913), Article 20230406. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0406
• Ross, T. W., Slater, B., & Easton, A. (2024). Turns around periodic spatial boundaries facilitate increasing event segmentation over time. Royal Society Open Science, 11(11), Article 240835. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240835
• Ross, T. W., Poulter, S. L., Lever, C., & Easton, A. (2024). Mice integrate conspecific and contextual information in forming social episodic-like memories under spontaneous recognition task conditions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 16159. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66403-4
• Cirulli, F., & Easton, A. (2022). Placing behaviour at the forefront of brain science. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 142, Article 104861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104861
• Buckley, M. G., Myles, L. A., Easton, A., & McGregor, A. (2022). The spatial layout of doorways and environmental boundaries shape the content of event memories. Cognition, 225, Article 105091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105091
• Costa, C. S., Oliveira, A. W., Easton, A., & Barros, M. (2022). A single brief stressful event time-dependently affects object recognition memory and promotes familiarity preference in marmoset monkeys. Behavioural Processes, 199, Article 104645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104645
• Ross, T., & Easton, A. (2022). The Hippocampal Horizon: Constructing and Segmenting Experience for Episodic Memory. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.038
• Ross, T., & Easton, A. (2022). Rats use strategies to make object choices in spontaneous object recognition tasks. Scientific Reports, 12, Article 16973. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21537-1
• Ameen-Ali, K. E., Sivakumaran, M. H., Eacott, M. J., O'Connor, A. R., Ainge, J. A., & Easton, A. (2021). Perirhinal cortex and the recognition of relative familiarity. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 182, Article 107439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107439
• Easton, A., Cockcroft, J. P., Ameen-Ali, K. E., & Eacott, M. J. (2020). Impaired episodic simulation in a patient with visual memory deficit amnesia. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 4, https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212820954384
• Pereda, D., Al-Osta, I., Okorocha, A., Easton, A., & Hartell, N. (2019). Changes in presynaptic calcium signalling accompany age-related deficits in hippocampal LTP and cognitive impairment. Aging Cell, 18(5), Article e13008. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13008
• Chan, M., Austen, J. M., Eacott, M. J., Easton, A., & Sanderson, D. J. (2019). The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 fails to impair long-term recognition memory in mice when the state-dependency of memory is controlled. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 161, 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.006
• Seel, S., Easton, A., McGregor, A., Buckley, M., & Eacott, M. (2019). Walking through doorways differentially affects recall and familiarity. British Journal of Psychology, 110(1), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12343
• Seel, S., Eacott, M., Langston, R., & Easton, A. (2018). Cholinergic input to the hippocampus is not required for a model of episodic memory in the rat, even with multiple consecutive events. Behavioural Brain Research, 354, 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.001
• Chan, M., Eacott, M. J., Sanderson, D. J., Wang, J., Sun, M., & Easton, A. (2018). Continual trials spontaneous recognition tasks in mice: reducing animal numbers and improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying memory. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, Article 214. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00214
• Ameen-Ali, K., Norman, L., Eacott, M., & Easton, A. (2017). Incidental context information increases recollection. Learning & Memory, 24(3), 136-139. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.042622.116
• Ameen-Ali, K., Easton, A., & Eacott, M. (2015). Moving beyond standard procedures to assess spontaneous recognition memory. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 53, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.013
• Robertson, B.-A., Eacott, M., & Easton, A. (2015). Putting Memory in Context: Dissociating memories by distinguishing the nature of context. Behavioural Brain Research, 285, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.045
• Easton, A., & Eacott, M. J. (2013). Cholinergic mechanisms of episodic memory: What specific behavioural tasks can tell us about specific neural mechanisms. Brain Research Bulletin, 92, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.09.008
• Davis, K., Easton, A., Eacott, M., & Gigg, J. (2013). Episodic-Like Memory for What-Where-Which Occasion is Selectively Impaired in the 3xTgAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 33(3), 681-698. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2012-121543
• Davis, K., Eacott, M., Easton, A., & Gigg, J. (2013). Episodic-like memory is sensitive to both Alzheimer's-like pathological accumulation and normal ageing processes in mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 254, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.009
• Ameen-Ali, K., Eacott, M., & Easton, A. (2012). A new behavioural apparatus to reduce animal numbers in multiple types of spontaneous object recognition paradigms in rats. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 211(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.08.006
• Easton, A., Webster, L., & Eacott, M. (2012). The episodic nature of episodic-like memories. Learning & Memory, 19(4), 146-150. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.025676.112
• Eacott, M., & Easton, A. (2012). Remembering the past and thinking about the future: Is it really about time. Learning and Motivation, 43, 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.05.012
• Easton, A., Douchamps, V., Eacott, M., & Lever, C. (2012). A specific role for septohippocampal acetylcholine in memory?. Neuropsychologia, 50(13), 3156-3168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.022
• Eacott, M., & Easton, A. (2012). Remembering the future: The influence of past experience on future behaviour. Learning and Motivation, 43, 167-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.05.003
• Easton, A., Child, S., & Lopez-Crespo, G. (2011). Differential outcomes aid the formation of categorical relationships between stimuli. Behavioural Brain Research, 222(1), 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.036
• Easton, A., Fitchett, A., Eacott, M., & Baxter, M. (2011). Medial septal cholinergic neurons are necessary for context-place memory but not episodic-like memory. Hippocampus, 21(9), 1021-1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20814
• Easton, A., & Eacott, M. (2010). Recollection of episodic memory within the medial temporal lobe: behavioural dissociations from other types of memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 215(2), 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.019
• Eacott, M., & Easton, A. (2010). Episodic memory in animals: Remembering which occasion. Neuropsychologia, 48(8), 2273-2280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.002
• Easton, A., Zinkivskay, A., & Eacott, M. (2009). Recollection is impaired, but familiarity remains intact in rats with lesions of the fornix. Hippocampus, 19(9), 837-843. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20567
• Wilson, C., Baxter, M., Easton, A., & Gaffan, D. (2008). Addition of fornix transection to frontal-temporal disconnection increases the impairment in object-in-place memory in macaque monkeys. European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(7), 1814-1822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06140.x
• Eacott, M., & Easton, A. (2007). On familiarity and recall of events by rats. Hippocampus, 17, 890-897
• Browning, P., Easton, A., & Gaffan, D. (2006). Frontal-temporal disconnection abolishes object discrimination learning set in macaque monkeys. Cerebral Cortex, 17(4), 859-864. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhk039
• Eacott, M., Easton, A., & Zinkivskay, A. (2005). Recollection in an episodic-like memory task in the rat. Learning & Memory, 12(3), 221-223. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.92505
• Browning, P., Easton, A., Buckley, M., & Gaffan, D. (2005). The role of prefrontal cortex in object-in-place learning in monkeys. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 3281-3291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04477.x
• Easton, A. (2004). Differential reward outcome learning in adult humans. Behavioural Brain Research, 154, 165-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.02.023
• Easton, A., Parker, K., Derrington, A., & Parker, A. (2003). Behaviour of marmoset monkeys in a T-maze: comparison with rats and macaque monkeys on a spatial delayed non-match to sample task. Experimental Brain Research, 150, 114-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1409-5
• Easton, A., & Parker, A. (2003). cholinergic explanation of dense amnesia. Cortex, 39, 813-826
• Gaffan, D., Easton, A., & Parker, A. (2002). Interaction of inferior temporal cortex with frontal cortex and basal forebrain: Double dissociation in strategy implementation and associative learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(16), 7288-7296
• Easton, A., Ridley, R., Baker, H., & Gaffan, D. (2002). Unilateral lesions of the cholinergic basal forebrain and fornix in one hemisphere and inferior temporal cortex in the opposite hemisphere produce severe learning impairments in rhesus monkeys. Cerebral Cortex, 12(7), 729-736. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/12.7.729
• Webb, B., Tinsley, C., Barraclough, N., Easton, A., Parker, A., & Derrington, A. (2002). Feedback from V1 and inhibition from beyond the classical receptive field modulates the responses of neurons in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus. Visual Neuroscience, 19, 583-592
• Derrington, A., Parker, A., Barraclough, N., Easton, A., Goodson, G., Parker, K., Tinsley, C., & Webb, B. (2002). The uses of colour vision: behavioural and physiological distinctiveness of colour stimuli. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 357, 975-985. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1116
• Easton, A., & Gaffan, D. (2002). Insights into the nature of fronto-temporal interactions from a biconditional discrimination task in the monkey. Behavioural Brain Research, 136, 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328%2802%2900136-5
• Easton, A., Parker, A., & Gaffan, D. (2001). Crossed unilateral lesions of medial forebrain bundle and either inferior temporal or frontal cortex impair object recognition memory in Rhesus monkeys. Behavioural Brain Research, 121(1-2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328%2800%2900384-3
• Gaffan, D., Parker, A., & Easton, A. (2001). Dense amnesia in the monkey after transaction of fornix, amygdala and anterior temporal stem. Neuropsychologia, 39, 51-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932%2800%2900097-x
• Easton, A., & Gaffan, D. (2001). Crossed unilateral lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and either inferior temporal or frontal cortex impair object-reward association learning in Rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychologia, 39(1), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932%2800%2900098-1
• Easton, A., & Gaffan, D. (2000). Comparison of perirhinal cortex ablation and crossed unilateral lesions of the medial forebrain bundle from the inferior temporal cortex in the rhesus monkey: effects on learning and retrieval. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114, 1041-1057. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.114.6.1041