Staff profile

My research is focussed on glaciers and ranges from monitoring small mountain glaciers over the last few decades to large-scale reconstructions of ice sheets over tens of thousands of years. A common theme of much of my work is the use of remote sensing (e.g. satellite imagery), which allows repeat monitoring of changes in present-day glaciers and provides an efficient means to visualise and investigate the landforms left behind by former ice sheets during the last ice age.

Together with postgraduate students, postdoctoral researchers and collaborators from both the UK and abroad, recent research can be grouped under the following broad themes:

Measuring and monitoring the response of glaciers to recent climate change: this involves both satellite remote sensing and field-based studies to investigate how glaciers are responding to recent climate change and variability, with a particular focus on glaciated regions of Russia (e.g. the Caucasus, Russian High Arctic islands and Siberia), Norway, and major outlet glaciers in Greenland and East Antarctica.

Reconstructing former ice sheet and ice stream dynamics: this work uses satellite imagery to map glacial landforms left behind by former ice sheets in order to reconstruct their evolution and links to the ocean-climate system. Early work focussed on locating and reconstructing the behaviour of fast-flow features, known as ice streams, and this has since evolved into looking at their role in the deglaciation of former ice sheets. A key component of this work has been to assess how well numerical ice sheet models reproduce ice stream dynamics, which has implications for predicting and modelling future ice sheet behaviour. Whilst much of this work has been focussed on the North American (Laurentide) Ice Sheet, I’ve contributed to studies on all of the world’s major ice sheets.

Investigating the formation of subglacial bedforms: satellite imagery is an efficient technique to map a variety of glacial landforms created by glaciers and ice sheets. Recent work has contributed towards the collection of large datasets of landform characteristics and these have been used to formulate and test ideas about their formation (e.g. drumlins and mega-scale glacial lineations) and refine numerical models of ice flow over sediments. These datasets have also been used to help interpret recent geophysical evidence of subglacial bedforms beneath ice streams in Antarctica.

Glacial landforms and landscapes on Mars: imagery of Mars is now comparable (and, in places, much better) than that for the Earth’s surface. Based on Earth analogues, recent work has investigated the potential role of glaciers (and liquid water) in shaping Martian landscapes.

My research contrubutions have been recognised through the award of a Philip Leverhulme Prize and the British Society for Geomorphology’s Gordon Warwick Medal. I have served on the Editorial Board for the Journal of Maps (2012-2016) and Geology (2018-2021) and have served on the Editorial Board for The Cryosphere since 2012. I have also served as Vice-President (2013-2015) and President (2015-2017) of the International Glaciological Society's British Branch.

Former PhD Students

• Jennifer Arthur (2022): Satellite remote sensing of supraglacial lakes in East Antarctica
• Laura Seddon (2022): Measurement, knowledge, and representation: a sociological study of Arctic sea-ice science
• Mihaela Newton (2022): The origin of bedrock mega-grooves in glaciated terrain
• Joshua Leigh (2022): Fluctuations of mountain glaciers in northern Norway throughout the Holocene
• Arminel Lovell (2021): Explaining recent heterogeneous glacier change in the Annapurna Conservation Area, central Himalayas
• Emily Hill (2020): The past and future impact of ice tongue loss on outlet glaciers in northern Greenland
• Bertie Miles (2017): The patterns and drivers of recent outlet glacier change in East Antarctica
• Hannah Bickerdike (2017): The glacial geomorphology of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial in Britain
• Christopher Darvill (2015): The nature and timing of glaciation in southermost South America.
• Rachel Carr (2014): Ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Arctic Seas.
• Robert Storrar (2014): Reconstructing subglacial meltwater dynamics from the spatial and temporal variation in the form and pattern of eskers.
• Andrew Turner (2013): Deglaciation of the Great Glen, Scotland: reconstructed from geophysical surveys and landform mapping.
• Philip Prescott (2013): Quantifying subglacial roughness and its link to glacial geomorphology and ice speed.
• Heather Channon (2012): Multi-scale analysis of the landforms and sediments of palaeo-ice streams.
• Victoria Brown (2012): Ice stream dynamics at the north-western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
• Katie Grant (2010): Changes in glacier extent since the Little Ice Age and links to 20th/21st Century climatic variability on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic.

Ph.D. Student Supervision (External)

• Oliver Hall, University of St Andrews (IAPETUS 2 DTP)
• Emma Carr, Newcastle University (IAPETUS2 DTP)

Chapter in book

• Turner, A., Woodward, J., Dunning, S., Shine, A., Stokes, C., & O'Cofaigh, C. (2013). Evidence from geophysical surveys for Younger Dryas (jökulhlaup) sedimentation within Loch Ness. In C. Boston, S. Lukas, & J. Merritt (Eds.), The Quaternary of the Monadhliath Mountains and Great Glen: Field Guide (89-92). Quaternary Research Association
• Turner, A., Woodward, J., Dunning, S., Shine, A., Stokes, C., & O'Cofaigh, C. (2013). The deglaciation of the Great Glen based on the results of geophysical surveys within Loch Ness. In C. Boston, S. Lukas, & J. Merritt (Eds.), The Quaternary of the Monadhliath Mountains and Great Glen: Field Guide (83-88). Quaternary Research Association
• Stokes, C. (2013). Evidence of Glacier Flow Directions. In S. Elias (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (895-908). Elsevier
• Stokes, C. (2011). 'Caucasus Mountains' ; 'Novaya Zemlya' ; 'Palaeo-Ice Stream'. In V. Singh, P. Singh, & U. Haritshaya (Eds.), Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers (803-808, 781 , 127-128). Springer Verlag
• Stokes, C. (2010). New insights regarding rapid ice flow from the Thelon Valley, Nunavut Territory. In L. Chow, & K. McKay (Eds.), Hudson Bay Regional Research (50-52). Aboriginal Issues Press
• Shahgedanova, M., Hagg, W., Hassell, D., Stokes, C., & Popovnin, V. (2009). Climate change, glacier retreat, and water availability in the Caucasus region. In J. Jones, T. Vardanian, & C. Hakopian (Eds.), Threats to Global Water Security; NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C - Environmental Security (131-143). Springer Verlag
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2006). What can the 'footprint' of a palaeo-ice stream tell us? Interpreting the bed of the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream, Northern Keewatin, Canada. In P. Knight (Ed.), Glacier Science and Environmental Change (208-209). Blackwell
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2006). Influence of Ice Streaming on the Ocean-Climate System: Examining the Impact of the M'Clintock Channel Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In P. Knight (Ed.), Glacier Science and Environmental Change (135-136). Blackwell
• Clark, C., & Stokes, C. (2003). Palaeo-Ice Stream Landsystem. In D. Evans (Ed.), Glacial Landsystems (204-227). Arnold
• Stokes, C. (2003). 'Ice Sheet' and 'Ice Stream'. In A. Goudie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge

Journal Article

• Wytiahlowsky, H., Stokes, C. R., & Evans, D. J. (2023). Remote sensing of glacier change (1965 - 2021) and identification of surge-type glaciers on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic. Journal of Glaciology, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.60
• Picton, H. J., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S. R., Floricioiu, D., & Krieger, L. (2023). Extensive and anomalous grounding line retreat at Vanderford Glacier, Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 17(8), 3593–3616. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-217
• Newton, M., Stokes, C. R., Roberts, D. H., & Evans, D. J. (2023). Characteristics and formation of bedrock mega-grooves (BMGs) in glaciated terrain: 1 - morphometric analyses. Geomorphology, 427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108619
• Evans, D. J., Newton, M., Roberts, D. H., & Stokes, C. R. (2023). Characteristics and formation of bedrock mega-grooves (BMGs) in glaciated terrain: 2 – conceptual models of BMG initiation. Geomorphology, 427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108620
• Jordan, J. R., Miles, B., Gudmundsson, G., Jamieson, S., Jenkins, A., & Stokes, C. (2023). Increased warm water intrusions could cause mass loss in East Antarctica during the next 200 years. Nature Communications, 14(1), Article 1825. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37553-2
• Dulfer, H. E., Stoker, B. J., Margold, M., & Stokes, C. R. (2023). Glacial geomorphology of the northwest Laurentide Ice Sheet on the northern Interior Plains and western Canadian Shield, Canada. Journal of Maps, 19(1), Article 2181714. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2023.2181714
• Stokes, C. R., Abram, N. J., Bentley, M. J., Edwards, T. L., England, M. H., Foppert, A., …Whitehouse, P. (2022). Response of the East Antarctic Sheet to Past and Future Climate Change. Nature, 608, 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04946-0
• Jordan, J., Gudmundsson, G., Jenkins, A., Stokes, C., Miles, B., & Jamieson, S. (2022). The sensitivity of Cook Glacier, East Antarctica, to changes in ice-shelf extent and grounding-line position. Journal of Glaciology, 68(269), 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.106
• Lyså, A., Jennings, A., Morigi, C., Stokes, C. R., & Winsborrow, M. C. (2022). Introduction: Processes and Palaeo-Environmental Changes in the Arctic from Past to Present (PalaeoArc) special issue. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 54(1), 640-647. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2022.2154985
• Miles, B., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Jordan, J., Gudmundsson, G., & Jenkins, A. (2022). High spatial and temporal variability in Antarctic ice discharge linked to ice shelf buttressing and bed geometry. Scientific Reports, 12, Article 10968. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13517-2
• Miles, B. W., Stokes, C. R., Jenkins, A., Jordan, J. R., Jamieson, S. S., & Gudmundsson, G. H. (2022). Slowdown of Shirase Glacier, East Antarctica, caused by strengthening alongshore winds. The Cryosphere, 17, 445-456. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-126
• Arthur, J. F., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S., Rachel Carr, J., Leeson, A. A., & Verjans, V. (2022). Large interannual variability in supraglacial lakes around East Antarctica. Nature Communications, 13(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29385-3
• Dalton, A., Stokes, C., & Batchelor, C. (2022). Evolution of the Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (115 ka to 25 ka). Earth-Science Reviews, 224, Article 103875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103875
• Arthur, J. F., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S., Miles, B. W., Carr, J. R., & Leeson, A. A. (2021). The triggers of the disaggregation of Voyeykov Ice Shelf (2007), Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, and its subsequent evolution. Journal of Glaciology, 67(265), 933-951. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.45
• Ely, J., Clark, C., Hindmarsh, R., Hughes, A., Greenwood, S., Bradley, S., …Small, D. (2021). Recent progress on combining geomorphological and geochronological data with ice 1 sheet modelling, demonstrated using the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science, 36(5), 946-960. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3098
• Hill, E., Gudmundsson, G., Carr, J., Stokes, C., & King, H. (2021). 21st century response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland to ice shelf loss. Journal of Glaciology, 67(261), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.97
• Leigh, J., Evans, D., Stokes, C., Andreassen, L., & Carr, R. (2021). Glacial and periglacial geomorphological map of central Troms and Finnmark county, Arctic Norway. Journal of Maps, 17(2), 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2021.1950580
• Miles, B., Jordan, J., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Hilmar Gudmundsson, G., & Jenkins, A. (2021). Recent acceleration of Denman Glacier (1972-2017), East Antarctica, driven by grounding line retreat and changes in ice tongue configuration. The Cryosphere, 15, 663-676. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-162
• Marochov, M., Stokes, C., & Carbonneau, P. (2021). Image classification of marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland using deep learning methods. The Cryosphere, 15, 5041-5059. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5041-2021
• Arthur, J., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Carr, J., & Leeson, A. (2020). Recent understanding of Antarctic supraglacial lakes using satellite remote sensing. Progress in Physical Geography, 44(6), 837-869. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133320916114
• Miles, B., Stokes, C., Jenkins, A., Jordan, J., Jamieson, S., & Gudmundsson, G. (2020). Intermittent structural weakening and acceleration of the Thwaites Glacier Tongue between 2000 and 2018. Journal of Glaciology, 66(257), 485-495. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.20
• Palacios, D., Stokes, C. R., Phillips, F. M., Clague, J. J., Alcalá-Reygosa, J., Andres, N., …Ward, D. J. (2020). The deglaciation of the Americas during the Last Glacial Termination. Earth-Science Reviews, 203, Article 103113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103113
• Dalton, A., Margold, M., Stokes, C., Tarasov, L., Dyke, A., Adams, R., …Wright Jr, H. (2020). An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex. Quaternary Science Reviews, 234, Article 106223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106223
• Arthur, J., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Carr, J., & Leeson, A. (2020). Distribution and seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on Shackleton Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 14(11), 4103-4120. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4103-2020
• Leigh, J., Stokes, C., Evans, D., Carr, R., & Andreassen, L. (2020). Timing of Little Ice Age maxima and subsequent glacier retreat in northern Troms and western Finnmark, northern Norway. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 52(1), 281-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2020.1765520
• Pope, E. L., Normandeau, A., Ó Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C. R., & Talling, P. J. (2019). Controls on the formation of turbidity current channels associated with marine-terminating glaciers and ice sheets. Marine Geology, 415, Article 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.05.010
• Stokes, C., Sanderson, J., Miles, B., Jamieson, S., & Leeson, A. (2019). Widespread distribution of supraglacial lakes around the margin of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 13823. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50343-5
• Lovell, A. M., Carr, J. R., & Stokes, C. R. (2019). Spatially Variable Glacier Changes in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, 2000 to 2016. Remote Sensing, 11(12), Article 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121452
• Cook, A., Copland, L., Noel, B., Stokes, C., Bentley, M., Sharp, M., …van den Broeke, M. (2019). Atmospheric forcing of rapid marine-terminating glacier retreat in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Science Advances, 5(3), Article eaau8507. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau8507
• Batchelor, C., Margold, M., Krapp, M., Murton, D., Dalton, A., Gibbard, P., …Manica, A. (2019). The configuration of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the Quaternary. Nature Communications, 10, Article 3713. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11601-2
• Leigh, J., Stokes, C., Carr, J., Evans, I., Andreassen, L., & Evans, D. (2019). Identifying and mapping very small (
• Hill, E., Hilmar Gudmundsson, G., Carr, R., & Stokes, C. (2018). Velocity response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland, to past and future calving events. The Cryosphere, 12(12), 3907-3921. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3907-2018
• Hill, E., Carr, J., Stokes, C., & Gudmundsson, G. (2018). Dynamic changes in outlet glaciers in northern Greenland from 1948 to 2015. The Cryosphere, 12(10), 3243-3263. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3243-2018
• Miles, B., Stokes, C., & Jamieson, S. (2018). Velocity increases at Cook Glacier, East Antarctica linked to ice shelf loss and a subglacial flood event. The Cryosphere, 12(10), 3123-3136. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3123-2018
• Newton, M., Evans, D., Roberts, D., & Stokes, C. (2018). Bedrock mega-grooves in glaciated terrain: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 185, 57-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.007
• Barlow, N., McClymont, E., Whitehouse, P., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Woodroffe, S., …Sanchez-Montes, M. (2018). Lack of evidence for a substantial sea-level fluctuation within the Last Interglacial. Nature Geoscience, 11, 627-634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0195-4
• Piasecka, E. D., Stokes, C. R., Winsborrow, M. C., & Andreassen, K. (2018). Relationship between mega-scale glacial lineations and iceberg ploughmarks on the Bjørnøyrenna Palaeo-Ice Stream bed, Barents Sea. Marine Geology, 402, 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.02.008
• Lovell, A., Carr, J., & Stokes, C. (2018). Topographic controls on the surging behaviour of Sabche Glacier, Nepal (1967 to 2017). Remote Sensing of Environment, 210, 434-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.03.036
• Margold, M., Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2018). Reconciling records of ice streaming and ice margin retreat to produce a palaeogeographic reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews, 189, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.013
• Ely, J., Clark, C., Spagnolo, M., Hughes, A., & Stokes, C. (2018). Using the size and position of drumlins to understand how they grow, interact and evolve. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(5), 1073-1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4241
• Clark, C. D., Ely, J. C., Spagnolo, M., Hahn, U., Hughes, A. L., & Stokes, C. R. (2018). Spatial organization of drumlins. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(2), 499-513. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4192
• Stokes, C., Andreassen, L., Champion, M., & Corner, G. (2018). Widespread and accelerating glacier retreat on the Lyngen Peninsula, northern Norway, since their ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum. Journal of Glaciology, 64(243), 100-118. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.3
• Bickerdike, H., Evans, D., Stokes, C., & Ó Cofaigh, C. (2018). The Glacial Geomorphology of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial in Britain: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science, 33(1), 1-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3010
• Bickerdike, H., Ó Cofaigh, C., Evans, D., & Stokes, C. (2018). Glacial landsystems, retreat dynamics and controls on Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) glaciation in Britain. Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research, 47(1), 202-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12259
• Stokes, C. (2018). Geomorphology under ice streams: moving from form to process. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(1), 85-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4259
• Lovell, A., Stokes, C., & Jamieson, S. (2017). Sub-decadal variations in outlet glacier terminus positions in Victoria Land, Oates Land and George V Land, East Antarctica (1972-2013). Antarctic Science, 29(5), 468-483. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102017000074
• Spagnolo, M., Bartholomaus, T. C., Clark, C. D., Stokes, C. R., Atkinson, N., Dowdeswell, J. A., …Pritchard, H. D. (2017). The periodic topography of ice stream beds: Insights from the Fourier spectra of mega-scale glacial lineations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 122(7), 1355-1373. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004154
• Stokes, C. (2017). Deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 43(2), 377-428. https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3237
• Carr, R., Stokes, C., & Vieli, A. (2017). Threefold increase in marine-terminating outlet glacier retreat rates across the Atlantic Arctic: 1992-2010. Journal of Glaciology, 58(4), 72-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.3
• Miles, B., Stokes, C., & Jamieson, S. (2017). Simultaneous disintegration of outlet glaciers in Porpoise Bay (Wilkes Land), East Antarctica, driven by sea ice break-up. The Cryosphere, 11, 427-442. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-427-2017
• Hill, E., Carr, R., & Stokes, C. (2017). A review of recent changes in major marine-terminating outlet glaciers in northern Greenland. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00111
• Piasecka, E., Winsborrow, M., Andreassen, K., & Stokes, C. (2016). Reconstructing the retreat dynamics of the Bjørnøyrenna Ice Stream based on new 3D seismic geomorphology from the central Barents Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews, 151, 212-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.003
• Chang, M., Jamieson, S., Bentley, M., & Stokes, C. (2016). The surficial and subglacial geomorphology of western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Journal of Maps, 12(5), 892-903. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2015.1097289
• Bickerdike, H., Evans, D., Ó Cofaigh, C., & Stokes, C. (2016). The glacial geomorphology of the Loch Lomond Stadial in Britain: a map and geographic information system resource of published evidence. Journal of Maps, 12(5), 1178-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1145149
• Darvill, C., Bentley, M., Stokes, C., & Shulmeister, J. (2016). The timing and cause of glacial advances in the southern mid-latitudes during the last glacial cycle based on a synthesis of exposure ages from Patagonia and New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews, 149, 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.024
• Darvill, C., Stokes, C., Bentley, M., Evans, D., & Lovell, H. (2016). Dynamics of former ice lobes of the southernmost Patagonian Ice Sheet based on a glacial landsystems approach. Journal of Quaternary Science, 32(6), 857-876. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2890
• Langley, E., Leeson, A., Stokes, C., & Jamieson, S. (2016). Seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on an East Antarctic outlet glacier. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(16), 8563-8571. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069511
• Stokes, C., Margold, M., & Creyts, T. (2016). Ribbed bedforms on palaeo-ice stream beds resemble regular patterns of basal shear stress (‘traction ribs’) inferred from modern ice streams. Journal of Glaciology, 62(234), 696-713. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.63
• Barchyn, T., Dowling, T., Stokes, C., & Hugenholtz, C. (2016). Subglacial bedform morphology controlled by ice speed and sediment thickness. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(14), 7572-7580. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069558
• Hillier, J., Kougioumtzoglou, I., Stokes, C., Smith, M., Clark, C., & Spagnolo, M. (2016). Exploring Explanations of Subglacial Bedform Sizes Using Statistical Models. PLoS ONE, 11(7), Article e0159489. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159489
• Otteson, D., Stokes, C., Bøe, R., Rise, L., Longva, O., Thorsnes, T., …Hestvik, O. (2016). Landform assemblages and sedimentary processes along the Norwegian Channel Ice Stream. Sedimentary Geology, 338, 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.024
• Miles, B., Stokes, C., & Jamieson, S. (2016). Pan–ice-sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes. Science Advances, 2(5), Article e1501350. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501350
• Livingstone, S., Stokes, C., O Cofaigh, C., Hillenbrand, C., Vieli, A., Jamieson, S., …Dowdeswell, J. (2016). Subglacial processes on an Antarctic ice stream bed. 1: Sediment transport and bedform genesis inferred from marine geophysical data. Journal of Glaciology, 62(232), 270-284. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.18
• Jamieson, S., Stokes, C., Livingstone, S., Vieli, A., Ò Cofaigh, C., Hillenbrand, C., & Spagnolo, M. (2016). Subglacial processes on an Antarctic ice stream bed. 2: Can modelled ice dynamics explain the morphology of mega-scale glacial lineations?. Journal of Glaciology, 62(232), 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.19
• Ely, J., Clark, C., Spagnolo, M., Stokes, C., Greenwood, S., Hughese, A., …Hessg, D. (2016). Do subglacial bedforms comprise a size and shape continuum?. Geomorphology, 257, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.01.001
• Spagnolo, M., Phillips, E., Piotrowski, J., Rea, B., Clark, C., Stokes, C., …Szuman, I. (2016). Ice stream motion facilitated by a shallow-deforming and accreting bed. Nature Communications, 7, Article 10723. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10723
• Stokes, C., Margold, M., Clark, C., & Tarasov, L. (2016). Ice stream activity scaled to ice sheet volume during Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation. Nature, 530(7590), 322-326. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16947
• Darvill, C., Bentley, M., Stokes, C., Hein, A., & Rodés, A. (2015). Extensive MIS 3 glaciation in southernmost Patagonia revealed by cosmogenic nuclide dating of outwash sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 429, 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.030
• Stokes, C., Tarasov, L., Blomdin, R., Cronin, T., Fisher, T., Gyllencreutz, R., …Teller, J. (2015). On the Reconstruction of Palaeo-Ice Sheets: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Quaternary Science Reviews, 125, 15-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.016
• Livingstone, S., Storrar, R., Hillier, J., Stokes, C., Clark, C., & Tarasov, L. (2015). An ice-sheet scale comparison of eskers with modelled subglacial drainage routes. Geomorphology, 246, 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.06.016
• Storrar, R., Evans, D., Stokes, C., & Ewertowski, M. (2015). Controls on the location, morphology and evolution of complex esker systems at decadal timescales, Breiðamerkurjökull, southeast Iceland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40(11), 1421-1438. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3725
• Margold, M., Stokes, C., Clark, C., & Kleman, J. (2015). Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: a new mapping inventory. Journal of Maps, 11(3), 380-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.912036
• Margold, M., Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2015). Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets. Earth-Science Reviews, 143, 117-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.011
• Carr, J., Vieli, A., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Palmer, S., Christoffersen, P., …Young, D. (2015). Basal topographic controls on rapid retreat of Humboldt Glacier, northern Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 61(225), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j128
• Darvill, C. M., Bentley, M. J., & Stokes, C. R. (2015). Geomorphology and weathering characteristics of erratic boulder trains on Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America: implications for dating of glacial deposits. Geomorphology, 228, 382-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.017
• Storrar, R., Stokes, C., & Evans, D. (2014). Morphometry and pattern of a large sample (>20,000) of Canadian eskers and implications for subglacial drainage beneath ice sheets. Quaternary Science Reviews, 105(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.013
• Jamieson, S., Stokes, C., Ross, N., Rippin, D., Bingham, R., Wilson, D., …Bentley, M. (2014). The Glacial Geomorphology of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Bed. Antarctic Science, 26(6), 724-741. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000212
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C., Ely, J., Stokes, C., Anderson, J., Andreassen, K., …King, E. (2014). Size, shape and spatial arrangement of mega-scale glacial lineations from a large and diverse dataset. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39(11), 1432-1448. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3532
• Hillier, J., Smith, M., Armugam, R., Barr, I., Boston, C., Clark, C., …Wooldridge, K. (2014). Manual mapping of drumlins in synthetic landscapes to assess operator effectiveness. Journal of Maps, 11(5), 719-729. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.957251
• Pfeffer, W. T., Arendt, A. A., Bliss, A., Bolch, T., Cogley, J. G., Gardner, A. S., …Wyatt, F. (2014). The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers. Journal of Glaciology, 60(221), 537-552. https://doi.org/10.3189/2014jog13j176
• Stokes, C., Corner, G., Winsborrow, M., Husum, K., & Andreassen, K. (2014). Asynchronous response of marine-terminating outlet glaciers during deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Geology, 42(5), 455-458. https://doi.org/10.1130/g35299.1
• Fairen, A., Stokes, C., Davies, N., Schulze-Makuch, D., Rodriguez, J., Davila, A., …Squyres, S. (2014). A cold hydrological system in Gale Crater, Mars. Planetary and Space Science, 93-94, 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.002
• Darvill, C., Stokes, C., Bentley, M., & Lovell, H. (2014). A glacial geomorphological map of the southernmost ice lobes of Patagonia: the Bahía Inútil - San Sebastián, Magellan, Otway, Skyring and Bella Vista lobes. Journal of Maps, 10(3), 500-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.890134
• Jamieson, S., Vieli, A., Ó Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C., Livingstone, S., & Hillenbrand, C. (2014). Understanding controls on rapid ice-stream retreat during the last deglaciation of Marguerite Bay, Antarctica, using a numerical model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119(2), 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002934
• Carr, J., Stokes, C., & Vieli, A. (2014). Recent retreat of major outlet glaciers on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, influenced by fjord geometry and sea-ice conditions. Journal of Glaciology, 60(219), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.3189/2014jog13j122
• Storrar, R., Stokes, C., & Evans, D. (2014). Increased channelization of subglacial drainage during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Geology, 42(3), 239-242. https://doi.org/10.1130/g35092.1
• Turner, A., Woodward, J., Stokes, C., O'Cofaigh, C., & Dunning, S. (2014). Glacial geomorphology of the Great Glen Region of Scotland. Journal of Maps, 10(1), 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.866369
• Fowler, A., Spagnolo, M., Clark, C., Stokes, C., Hughes, A., & Dunlop, P. (2013). On the size and shape of drumlins. GEM - International Journal on Geomathematics, 4(2), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13137-013-0050-0
• Stokes, C., Spagnolo, M., Clark, C., O'Cofaigh, C., Lian, O., & Dunstone, R. (2013). Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations on the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream bed: 1. Size, Shape and Spacing from a large remote sensing dataset. Quaternary Science Reviews, 77, 190-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.003
• O'Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C., Lian, O., Clark, C., & Tulaczyk, S. (2013). Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations on the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream bed: 2. Sedimentology and stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 77, 210-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.028
• Carr, J., Vieli, A., & Stokes, C. (2013). Influence of sea ice decline, atmospheric warming, and glacier width on marine-terminating outlet glacier behavior in northwest Greenland at seasonal to interannual timescales. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118(3), 1210-1226. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20088
• Miles, B., Stokes, C., Vieli, A., & Cox, N. (2013). Rapid, climate-driven changes in outlet glaciers on the Pacific coast of East Antarctica. Nature, 500(7464), 563-566. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12382
• Davila, A., Fairen, A., Stokes, C., Platz, T., Rodriguez, A., Lacelle, D., …Pollard, W. (2013). Evidence for Hesperian glaciation along the Martian dichotomy boundary. Geology, 41(7), 755-758. https://doi.org/10.1130/g34201.1
• Storrar, R., Stokes, C., & Evans, D. (2013). A map of large Canadian eskers from Landsat satellite imagery. Journal of Maps, 9(3), 456-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.815591
• Hillier, J., Smith, M., Clark, C., Stokes, C., & Spagnolo, M. (2013). Subglacial bedforms reveal an exponential size-frequency distribution. Geomorphology, 190, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.02.017
• Stokes, C., Fowler, A., Clark, C., Hindmarsh, R., & Spagnolo, M. (2013). The instability theory of drumlin formation and its explanation of their varied composition and internal structure. Quaternary Science Reviews, 62, 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.011
• Stokes, C., Shahgedanova, M., Evans, I., & Popovnin, V. (2013). Accelerated loss of alpine glaciers in the Kodar Mountains, south-eastern Siberia. Global and Planetary Change, 101, 82-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.12.010
• Carr, J., Stokes, C., & Vieli, A. (2013). Recent progress in understanding marine-terminating Arctic outlet glacier response to climatic and oceanic forcing: twenty years of rapid change. Progress in Physical Geography, 37(4), 435-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313483163
• Livingstone, S., O'Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C., Hillenbrand, C., Vieli, A., & Jamieson, S. (2013). Glacial geomorphology of Marguerite Bay Palaeo-Ice stream, western Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Maps, 9(4), 558-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.829411
• Jamieson, S., Vieli, A., Livingstone, S., Ó Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C., Hillenbrand, C., & Dowdeswell, J. (2012). Ice-stream stability on a reverse bed slope. Nature Geoscience, 5(11), 799-802. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1600
• Stokes, C., Tarasov, L., & Dyke, A. (2012). Dynamics of the North American Ice Sheet complex during its inception and build-up to the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 50, 86-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.009
• Lovell, H., Stokes, C., Bentley, M., & Benn, D. (2012). Evidence for rapid ice flow and proglacial lake evolution around the central Strait of Magellan region, southernmost Patagonia. Journal of Quaternary Science, 27(6), 625-638. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2555
• Winsborrow, M., Stokes, C., & Andreassen, K. (2012). Ice-stream flow switching during deglaciation of the southwestern Barents Sea. GSA Bulletin, 124(3/4), 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1130/b30416.1
• Livingstone, S., O'Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C., Hillenbrand, C., Vieli, A., & Jamieson, S. (2012). Antarctic palaeo-ice streams. Earth-Science Reviews, 111(1-2), 90-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.003
• Turner, A., Woodward, J., Dunning, S., Shine, A., Stokes, C., & O'Cofaigh, C. (2012). Geophysical surveys of the sediments of Loch Ness, Scotland: implications for the deglaciation of the Moray Firth Ice Stream, British-Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science, 27(2), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1538
• Lovell, H., Stokes, C., & Bentley, M. (2012). A glacial geomorphological map of the Seno Skyring-Seno Otway-Strait of Magellan region, southernmost Patagonia. Journal of Maps, 7(1), 318-339. https://doi.org/10.4113/jom.2011.1156
• Shahgenova, M., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., & Stokes, C. (2011). Geodetic mass balance of Azarova glacier, Kodar mountains, eastern Siberia, and its links to observed and projected climatic change. Annals of Glaciology, 52(58), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252275
• Stokes, C., Spagnolo, M., & Clark, C. (2011). The composition and internal structure of drumlins: Complexity, commonality, and implications for a unifying theory of their formation. Earth-Science Reviews, 107(3-4), 398-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.001
• Brown, V., Stokes, C., & O'Cofaigh, C. (2011). Glacial geomorphology of the north-west sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Journal of Maps, 2011, 409-428. https://doi.org/10.4113/jom.2011.1224
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C., Hughes, A., Dunlop, P., & Stokes, C. (2010). The planar shape of drumlins. Sedimentary Geology, 232(3-4), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.01.008+%7C
• Ó Cofaigh, C., Dowdeswell, J., King, E., Anderson, J., Clark, C., Evans, D., …Stokes, C. (2010). Comment on Shaw J., Pugin, A. and Young, R. (2008): “A meltwater origin for Antarctic shelf bedforms with special attention to megalineations”, Geomorphology 102, 364–375. Geomorphology, 117(1-2), 195-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.09.036
• Stokes, C., & Tarasov, L. (2010). Ice streaming in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: A first comparison between data-calibrated numerical model output and geological evidence. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(1), Article L01501. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl040990
• Winsborrow, M., Clark, C., & Stokes, C. (2010). What controls the location of ice streams?. Earth-Science Reviews, 103(1-2), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.003
• Grant, K., Stokes, C., & Evans, I. (2009). Identification and characteristics of surge-type glaciers on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic. Journal of Glaciology, 55(194), 960-972. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309790794940
• King, E., Hindmarsh, R., & Stokes, C. (2009). Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations observed beneath a West Antarctic ice stream. Nature Geoscience, 2(8), 585-596. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo581
• Stokes, C., Clark, C., & Storrar, R. (2009). Major changes in ice stream dynamics during deglaciation of the north-western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28(7-8), 721-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.07.019
• Ottesen, D., Stokes, C., Rise, L., & Olsen, L. (2008). Ice-sheet dynamics and ice streaming along the coastal parts of northern Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 922-940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.014
• Stokes, C., Lian, O., Tulaczyk, S., & Clark, C. (2008). Superimposition of ribbed moraines on a palaeo-ice-stream bed: implications for ice stream dynamics and shutdown. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 33(4), 593-609. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1671
• Hindmarsh, R., & Stokes, C. (2008). Formation mechanisms for ice-stream shear margin moraines. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 33(4), 610-626. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1665
• Gurney, S., Popovnin, V., Shahgedanova, M., & Stokes, C. (2008). A glacier inventory for the Buordakh Massif, Cherskiy Range, Northeast Siberia, and evidence for recent glacier recession. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 40(1), 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430%2806-042%29%5Bgurney%5D2.0.co%3B2
• Ó Cofaigh, C., & Stokes, C. (2008). Reconstructing ice-sheet dynamics from subglacial sediments and landforms: introduction and overview. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 33(4), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1672
• Stokes, C., Clark, C., Lian, O., & Tulaczyk, S. (2007). Ice stream sticky spots: A review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary and palaeo-ice streams. Earth-Science Reviews, 81(3-4), 217-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.002
• Storrar, R., & Stokes, C. (2007). A Glacial Geomorphological Map of Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic. Journal of Maps, 3(1), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/jom.2007.9710838
• Stokes, C., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., Gurney, S., & Shahgedanova, M. (2007). Recent glacier retreat in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, and associated increase in supraglacial debris cover and supra/proglacial lake development. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 195-203. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871468
• Shahgedanova, M., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., Petrakov, D., & Stokes, C. (2007). Long-term, interannual and intra-seasonal variability in climate and glacier mass balance in the central Greater Caucaus, Russia. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 355-361
• Shahgedanova, M., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., Petrakov, D., & Stokes, C. (2007). Long-term change, interannual and intra-seasonal variability in climate and glacier mass balance in the central Greater Caucasus, Russia. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 355-361. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871323
• Stokes, C., Clark, C., & Winsborrow, M. (2006). Subglacial bedform evidence for a major paleo-ice stream and its retreat phases in Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of Quaternary Science, 21(4), 399-412
• Stokes, C., Clark, C., Lian, O., & Tulacztk, S. (2006). Geomorphological Map of Ribbed Moraines on the Dubawnt Lake Palaeo-Ice Stream Bed: A Signature of Ice Stream Shut-Down?. Journal of Maps, 1-9
• Stokes, C., Gurney, S., Shahgedanova, M., & Popovnin, V. (2006). Late-20th-century changes in glacier extent in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia. Journal of Glaciology, 52(176), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828827
• Stokes, C., Clark, C., Darby, D., & Hodgson, D. (2005). Late Pleistocene ice export events into the Arctic Ocean from the M'Clure Strait Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Global and Planetary Change, 49(3-4), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.06.001
• Shahgedanova, M., Stokes, C., & Gurney, S. (2005). Interactions between mass blanace, atmospheric circulation, and recent climate change on the Djankuat Glacier, Caucasus Mountains, Russia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 1-14
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2004). Evolution of late glacial ice-marginal lakes on the northwestern Canadian Shield and their influence on the location of the Dubawnt Lake palaeo-ice stream. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 215(1-2), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.09.006
• Winsborrow, M., Clark, C., & Stokes, C. (2004). Ice Streams of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
• Dokken, T., Andrews, J., Hemming, S., Stokes, C., & Jansen, E. (2003). Researchers Discuss Abrupt Climate Change: Ice Sheets and Oceans in Action. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 84(20), 189-193
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2003). Laurentide ice streaming on the Canadian Shield: A conflict with the soft-bedded ice stream paradigm?. Geology, 31(4), 347-350. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613%282003%29031%3C0347%3Alisotc%3E2.0.co%3B2
• Clark, C., Tulaczyk, M., Stokes, C., & Canals, M. (2003). A groove-ploughing theory for the production of mega-scale glacial lineations, and implications for ice-stream mechanics. Journal of Glaciology, 49(165), 240-256
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2003). Giant glacial grooves detected on Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(5), 905-910. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110115069
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2003). The Dubawnt Lake palaeo-ice stream: evidence for dynamic ice sheet behaviour on the Canadian Shield and insights regarding the controls on ice-stream location and vigour
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2002). Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow?. Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research, 31(3), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/030094802760260355
• Stokes, C. (2002). Identification and mapping of palaeo-ice stream geomorphology from satellite imagery: implications for ice stream functioning and ice sheet dynamics. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(8), 1557-1563
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2001). Palaeo-ice streams. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1437-1457
• Clark, C., & Stokes, C. (2001). Extent and basal characteristics of the M'Clintock Channel Ice Stream. Quaternary International, 86, 81-101
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (2001). Identifying Palaeo-Ice Stream Tracks Using Remote Sensing
• Stokes, C. (2000). Bedform characteristics of the M'Clintock Channel ice stream, Victoria Island, Arctic Canada
• Stokes, C., & Clark, C. (1999). Geomorphological criteria for identifying Pleistocene ice streams. Annals of Glaciology, 28, 67-74

Other (Print)

• Stokes, C. (2008). Ice cores
• Stokes, C. (2007). Glaciers