Staff profile

My research is focussed on glaciers and ranges from monitoring small mountain glaciers over the last few decades to large-scale reconstructions of ice sheets over tens of thousands of years. A common theme of much of my work is the use of remote sensing (e.g. satellite imagery), which allows repeat monitoring of changes in present-day glaciers and provides an efficient means to visualise and investigate the landforms left behind by former ice sheets during the last ice age.

Together with postgraduate students, postdoctoral researchers and collaborators from both the UK and abroad, recent research can be grouped under the following broad themes:

Measuring and monitoring the response of glaciers to recent climate change: this involves both satellite remote sensing and field-based studies to investigate how glaciers are responding to recent climate change and variability, with a particular focus on glaciated regions of Russia (e.g. the Caucasus, Russian High Arctic islands and Siberia), Norway, and major outlet glaciers in Greenland and East Antarctica.

Reconstructing former ice sheet and ice stream dynamics: this work uses satellite imagery to map glacial landforms left behind by former ice sheets in order to reconstruct their evolution and links to the ocean-climate system. Early work focussed on locating and reconstructing the behaviour of fast-flow features, known as ice streams, and this has since evolved into looking at their role in the deglaciation of former ice sheets. A key component of this work has been to assess how well numerical ice sheet models reproduce ice stream dynamics, which has implications for predicting and modelling future ice sheet behaviour. Whilst much of this work has been focussed on the North American (Laurentide) Ice Sheet, I’ve contributed to studies on all of the world’s major ice sheets.

Investigating the formation of subglacial bedforms: satellite imagery is an efficient technique to map a variety of glacial landforms created by glaciers and ice sheets. Recent work has contributed towards the collection of large datasets of landform characteristics and these have been used to formulate and test ideas about their formation (e.g. drumlins and mega-scale glacial lineations) and refine numerical models of ice flow over sediments. These datasets have also been used to help interpret recent geophysical evidence of subglacial bedforms beneath ice streams in Antarctica.

Glacial landforms and landscapes on Mars: imagery of Mars is now comparable (and, in places, much better) than that for the Earth’s surface. Based on Earth analogues, recent work has investigated the potential role of glaciers (and liquid water) in shaping Martian landscapes.

My research contrubutions have been recognised through the award of a Philip Leverhulme Prize and the British Society for Geomorphology’s Gordon Warwick Medal. I have served on the Editorial Board for the Journal of Maps (2012-2016) and Geology (2018-2021) and have served on the Editorial Board for The Cryosphere since 2012. I have also served as Vice-President (2013-2015) and President (2015-2017) of the International Glaciological Society's British Branch.

Former PhD Students

• Jennifer Arthur (2022): Satellite remote sensing of supraglacial lakes in East Antarctica
• Laura Seddon (2022): Measurement, knowledge, and representation: a sociological study of Arctic sea-ice science
• Mihaela Newton (2022): The origin of bedrock mega-grooves in glaciated terrain
• Joshua Leigh (2022): Fluctuations of mountain glaciers in northern Norway throughout the Holocene
• Arminel Lovell (2021): Explaining recent heterogeneous glacier change in the Annapurna Conservation Area, central Himalayas
• Emily Hill (2020): The past and future impact of ice tongue loss on outlet glaciers in northern Greenland
• Bertie Miles (2017): The patterns and drivers of recent outlet glacier change in East Antarctica
• Hannah Bickerdike (2017): The glacial geomorphology of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial in Britain
• Christopher Darvill (2015): The nature and timing of glaciation in southermost South America.
• Rachel Carr (2014): Ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Arctic Seas.
• Robert Storrar (2014): Reconstructing subglacial meltwater dynamics from the spatial and temporal variation in the form and pattern of eskers.
• Andrew Turner (2013): Deglaciation of the Great Glen, Scotland: reconstructed from geophysical surveys and landform mapping.
• Philip Prescott (2013): Quantifying subglacial roughness and its link to glacial geomorphology and ice speed.
• Heather Channon (2012): Multi-scale analysis of the landforms and sediments of palaeo-ice streams.
• Victoria Brown (2012): Ice stream dynamics at the north-western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
• Katie Grant (2010): Changes in glacier extent since the Little Ice Age and links to 20th/21st Century climatic variability on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic.

Ph.D. Student Supervision (External)

• Oliver Hall, University of St Andrews (IAPETUS 2 DTP)
• Emma Carr, Newcastle University (IAPETUS2 DTP)

• Sea Level, Ice and Climate

• Climate Change and Glacier Dynamics in the Caucasus and the Mountains of Southern Siberia
• Glaciated North Atlantic Margins (GLANAM)
• Identification and characterisation of ice stream sticky spots: an improved understanding of ice stream basal mechanics and shut-down
• Reconstructing Ice Stream Behaviour During Marine Ice Sheet Collapse
• Terrestrial Record of Former Arctic Ice Streams: Elucidating the Controls on Ice Stream Location and Vigour, The
• Testing the Instability Mechanism for Subglacial Bedform Production
• Understanding Marine Ice Stream Retreat Using Numerical Modelling and Geophysical Data

• 2018: Assessing the sensitivity of major Antarctic outlet glaciers to recent and future changes in the ocean-climate system(£324184.00 from Natural Environmental Research Council)
• 2012: How important are ice streams in accelerating ice sheet deglaciation?(£197631.56 from NERC - Natural Environment Research Council)
• 2010: Philip Leverhulme Prize(£70000.00 from The Leverhulme Trust)
• 2009: Reconstructing marine ice sheet collapse-International Joint Project(£10602.00 from The Royal Society)
• 2006: TESTING THE INSTABILITY THEORY(£5517.00 from NERC - Natural Environment Research Council)

Available for media contact about:

• Environmental change: Glaciers and climate change
• Geography: Glacial landforms

Chapter in book

• Turner, A., Woodward, J., Dunning, S., Shine, A., Stokes, C.R. & O'Cofaigh, C. (2013). The deglaciation of the Great Glen based on the results of geophysical surveys within Loch Ness. In The Quaternary of the Monadhliath Mountains and Great Glen: Field Guide. Boston, C.M., Lukas, S. & Merritt, J.W. The Quaternary Research Association, London. 83-88.
• Stokes, C.R. (2013). Evidence of Glacier Flow Directions. In The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Elias, S.A. Elsevier. 1: 895-908.
• Turner, A., Woodward, J., Dunning, S., Shine, A., Stokes, C.R. & O'Cofaigh, C. (2013). Evidence from geophysical surveys for Younger Dryas (jökulhlaup) sedimentation within Loch Ness. In The Quaternary of the Monadhliath Mountains and Great Glen: Field Guide. Boston, C.M., Lukas, S. & Merritt, J.W. The Quaternary Research Association, London. 89-92.
• Stokes, C.R. (2011). 'Caucasus Mountains' 'Novaya Zemlya' 'Palaeo-Ice Stream'. In Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Singh, V.P., Singh, P. & Haritshaya, U.K. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 803-808, 781 127-128.
• Stokes, C.R. (2010). New insights regarding rapid ice flow from the Thelon Valley, Nunavut Territory. In Hudson Bay Regional Research. Chow, L. & McKay, K. Manitoba: Aboriginal Issues Press. 50-52.
• Shahgedanova, M., Hagg, W., Hassell, D., Stokes, C.R. & Popovnin, V. (2009). Climate change, glacier retreat, and water availability in the Caucasus region. In Threats to Global Water Security; NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C - Environmental Security. Jones, J.A.A., Vardanian, T.G. & Hakopian, C. Netherlands: Springer. 131-143.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2006). Influence of Ice Streaming on the Ocean-Climate System: Examining the Impact of the M'Clintock Channel Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In Glacier Science and Environmental Change. Knight, P.G. Oxford.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 135-136.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2006). What can the 'footprint' of a palaeo-ice stream tell us? Interpreting the bed of the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream, Northern Keewatin, Canada. In Glacier Science and Environmental Change. Knight, P.G. Oxford.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 208-209.
• Clark, C.D. & Stokes, C.R. (2003). Palaeo-Ice Stream Landsystem. In Glacial Landsystems. Evans, D.J.A. London.: Arnold. 204-227.
• Stokes, C.R. (2003). 'Ice Sheet' and 'Ice Stream'. In Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Goudie, A.S. London.: Routledge. 1.

Journal Article

• Dulfer, Helen E., Stoker, Benjamin J., Margold, Martin & Stokes, Chris R. (2023). Glacial geomorphology of the northwest Laurentide Ice Sheet on the northern Interior Plains and western Canadian Shield, Canada. Journal of Maps
• Newton, Mihaela, Stokes, Chris R., Roberts, David H. & Evans, David J.A. (2023). Characteristics and formation of bedrock mega-grooves (BMGs) in glaciated terrain: 1 - morphometric analyses. Geomorphology 427: 108619.
• Evans, David J.A., Newton, Mihaela, Roberts, David H. & Stokes, Chris R. (2023). Characteristics and formation of bedrock mega-grooves (BMGs) in glaciated terrain: 2 – conceptual models of BMG initiation. Geomorphology 427: 108620.
• Miles, Bertie W. J., Stokes, Chris R., Jenkins, Adrian, Jordan, Jim R., Jamieson, Stewart S. R. & Gudmundsson, G. Hilmar (2023). Slowdown of Shirase Glacier, East Antarctica, caused by strengthening alongshore winds. The Cryosphere 17: 445-456.
• Stokes, Chris R., Abram, Nerilie J., Bentley, Michael J., Edwards, Tamsin L., England, Matthew H. Foppert, Annie, Jamieson, Stewart S.R., Jones, Richard S., King, Matt A., Lenaerts, Jan T.M. Medley, Brooke, Miles, Bertie W.J., Paxman, Guy J.G., Ritz, Catherine, van de Flierdt, Tina & Whitehouse, Pippa (2022). Response of the East Antarctic Sheet to Past and Future Climate Change. Nature 608: 275-286.
• Miles, B.W.J., Stokes, C.R., Jamieson, S.S.R., Jordan, J.R., Gudmundsson, G.H. & Jenkins, A. (2022). High spatial and temporal variability in Antarctic ice discharge linked to ice shelf buttressing and bed geometry. Scientific Reports 12: 10968.
• Arthur, Jennifer F., Stokes, Chris R., Jamieson, Stewart S. R., Rachel Carr, J., Leeson, Amber A. & Verjans, Vincent (2022). Large interannual variability in supraglacial lakes around East Antarctica. Nature Communications 13(1).
• Jordan, J.R., Gudmundsson, G.H., Jenkins, A., Stokes, C.R., Miles, B.W.J. & Jamieson, S.S.R. (2022). The sensitivity of Cook Glacier, East Antarctica, to changes in ice-shelf extent and grounding-line position. Journal of Glaciology 68(269): 473-485.
• Lyså, Astrid, Jennings, Anne, Morigi, Caterina, Stokes, Chris R. & Winsborrow, Monica C. M. (2022). Introduction: Processes and Palaeo-Environmental Changes in the Arctic from Past to Present (PalaeoArc) special issue. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 54(1): 640-647.
• Dalton, A.S., Stokes, C.R. & Batchelor, C.L. (2022). Evolution of the Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (115 ka to 25 ka). Earth-Science Reviews 224: 103875.
• Marochov, M., Stokes, C.R. & Carbonneau, P.E. (2021). Image classification of marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland using deep learning methods. The Cryosphere 15: 5041-5059.
• Leigh, J.R., Evans, D.J.A., Stokes, C.R., Andreassen, L.M. & Carr, R.J. (2021). Glacial and periglacial geomorphological map of central Troms and Finnmark county, Arctic Norway. Journal of Maps 17(2): 348-366.
• Arthur, Jennifer F., Stokes, Chris R., Jamieson, Stewart S. R., Miles, Bertie W. J., Carr, J. Rachel & Leeson, Amber A. (2021). The triggers of the disaggregation of Voyeykov Ice Shelf (2007), Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, and its subsequent evolution. Journal of Glaciology 67(265): 933-951.
• Miles, B.W.J., Jordan, J.R., StokesC.R., Jamieson, S.R., Hilmar Gudmundsson, G. & Jenkins, A. (2021). Recent acceleration of Denman Glacier (1972-2017), East Antarctica, driven by grounding line retreat and changes in ice tongue configuration. The Cryosphere 15: 663–676.
• Ely, J.C., Clark, C.D., Hindmarsh, R.C.A, Hughes, A.L.C, Greenwood, S.L., Bradley, S.L., Gasson, E., Gregoire, L., Gandy, N., Stokes, C.R. & Small, D. (2021). Recent progress on combining geomorphological and geochronological data with ice 1 sheet modelling, demonstrated using the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 36(5): 946-960.
• Hill, E.A., Gudmundsson, G.H., Carr, J.R., Stokes, C.R. & King, H.M. (2021). 21st century response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland to ice shelf loss. Journal of Glaciology 67(261): 147-157.
• Arthur, J.F., Stokes, C.R., Jamieson, S.S.R., Carr, J.R. & Leeson, A.A. (2020). Distribution and seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on Shackleton Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. The Cryosphere 14(11): 4103-4120.
• Leigh, J. R., Stokes, C. R., Evans, D. J. A., Carr, R. J. & Andreassen, L. M. (2020). Timing of Little Ice Age maxima and subsequent glacier retreat in northern Troms and western Finnmark, northern Norway. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 52(1): 281-311.
• Arthur, J.F., Stokes, C.R., Jamieson, S.S.R., Carr, J.R. & Leeson, A.A. (2020). Recent understanding of Antarctic supraglacial lakes using satellite remote sensing. Progress in Physical Geography 44(6): 837-869.
• Miles, B.W.J., Stokes, C.R., Jenkins, A., Jordan, J.R., Jamieson, S.S.R. & Gudmundsson, G.H. (2020). Intermittent structural weakening and acceleration of the Thwaites Glacier Tongue between 2000 and 2018. Journal of Glaciology 66(257): 485-495.
• Dalton, A.S., Margold, M., Stokes, C.R., Tarasov, L., Dyke, A.S., Adams, R.S., Allard, S., Arends, H.E., Atkinson, N., Attig, J., Barnett, P.J., Barnett, R.L., Batterson, M., Bernatchez, P., Borns Jr, H.W., Breckenridge, A., Briner, J.P., Brouard, E., Campbell, J.E., Carlson, A.E., Clague,J.J., Curry, B.B., Daigneault, R.A., Dubé-Loubert, H., Easterbrook, D.J., Franzi, D.A., Friedrich, H.G., Funder, S., Gauthier, M.S., Gowan, A.S., Harris, K.L., Hétu, B., Hooyer, T.S., Jennings, C.E., Johnson, M.D., Kehew, A.E., Kelley, S.E., Kerr, D., King, E.L., Kjeldsen, K.K., Knaeble, A.R., Lajeunesse, P., Lakeman, T.R., Lamothe, M., Larson, P., Lavoie, M., Loope, H.M., Lowell, T.V., Lusardi, B.A., Manz, L., McMartin, I., Nixon, F.C., Occhietti, S., Parkhill, M.A., Piper, D.J.W., Pronk, A.G., Richard, P.J.H., Ridge, J.C., Ross, M., Roy, M., Seaman, A., Shaw, J., Stea, R.R., Teller, J.T., Thompson, W.B., Thorleifson, H.L., Utting, D.J., Veillette, J.J., Ward, B.C., Weddle, T.K. & Wright Jr, H.E. (2020). An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex. Quaternary Science Reviews 234: 106223.
• Palacios, David, Stokes, Chris R., Phillips, Fred M., Clague, John J., Alcalá-Reygosa, Jesus, Andres, Nuria, Angel, Isandra, Blard, Pierre-Henri, Briner, Jason P., Hall, Brenda L., Dahms, Dennis, Hein, Andrew S., Jomelli, Vincent, Mark, Bryan G., Martini, Mateo A., Moreno, Patricio, Riedel, Jon, Sagredo, Esteban, Stansell, Nathan D., Vazquez-Selem, Lorenzo, Vuille, Mathias & Ward, Dylan J. (2020). The deglaciation of the Americas during the Last Glacial Termination. Earth-Science Reviews 203: 103113.
• Leigh, J.R., Stokes, C.R., Carr, J.R., Evans, I.S., Andreassen, L.M. & Evans, D.J.A (2019). Identifying and mapping very small (<0.5 km2) mountain glaciers on coarse to high-resolution imagery. Journal of Glaciology 65(254): 873-888.
• Stokes, C.R., Sanderson, J.E., Miles, B.W.J., Jamieson, S.S.R. & Leeson, A.A. (2019). Widespread distribution of supraglacial lakes around the margin of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Scientific Reports 9(1): 13823.
• Batchelor, C.L., Margold, M., Krapp, M., Murton, D.K., Dalton, A.S., Gibbard, P.L., Stokes, C.R., Murton, J.B. & Manica, A. (2019). The configuration of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the Quaternary. Nature Communications 10: 3713.
• Lovell, Arminel M., Carr, J. Rachel & Stokes, Chris R. (2019). Spatially Variable Glacier Changes in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, 2000 to 2016. Remote Sensing 11(12): 1452.
• Pope, Ed L., Normandeau, Alexandre, Ó Cofaigh, Colm, Stokes, Chris R. & Talling, Peter J. (2019). Controls on the formation of turbidity current channels associated with marine-terminating glaciers and ice sheets. Marine Geology 415: 105951.
• Cook, A.J. Copland, L. Noel, B.P.Y. Stokes, C.R. Bentley, M.J., Sharp, M.J. Bingham, R.G. & van den Broeke, M.R. (2019). Atmospheric forcing of rapid marine-terminating glacier retreat in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Science Advances 5(3): eaau8507.
• Hill, E.A., Hilmar Gudmundsson, G., Carr, R.J. & Stokes, C.R. (2018). Velocity response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland, to past and future calving events. The Cryosphere 12(12): 3907-3921.
• Hill, E.A., Carr, J.R., Stokes, C.R. & Gudmundsson, G.H. (2018). Dynamic changes in outlet glaciers in northern Greenland from 1948 to 2015. The Cryosphere 12(10): 3243-3263.
• Miles, B.W.J., Stokes, C.R & Jamieson, S.S.R. (2018). Velocity increases at Cook Glacier, East Antarctica linked to ice shelf loss and a subglacial flood event. The Cryosphere 12(10): 3123-3136.
• Barlow, N.L.M., McClymont, E.L., Whitehouse, P.L., Stokes, C.R., Jamieson, S.S.R., Woodroffe, S.A., Bentley, M.J., Callard, S.L., Ó Cofaigh, C., Evans, D.J.A., Horrocks, J.R., Lloyd, J.M., Long, A.J., Margold, M., Roberts, D.H. & Sanchez-Montes, M.L. (2018). Lack of evidence for a substantial sea-level fluctuation within the Last Interglacial. Nature Geoscience 11: 627-634.
• Lovell, A.M., Carr, J.R. & Stokes, C.R. (2018). Topographic controls on the surging behaviour of Sabche Glacier, Nepal (1967 to 2017). Remote Sensing of Environment 210: 434-443.
• Margold, M., Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2018). Reconciling records of ice streaming and ice margin retreat to produce a palaeogeographic reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 189: 1-30.
• Newton, M., Evans, D.J.A., Roberts, D.H. & Stokes, C.R. (2018). Bedrock mega-grooves in glaciated terrain: a review. Earth-Science Reviews 185: 57-79.
• Stokes, C.R., Andreassen, L.M., Champion, M. & Corner, G. (2018). Widespread and accelerating glacier retreat on the Lyngen Peninsula, northern Norway, since their ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum. Journal of Glaciology 64(243): 100-118.
• Piasecka, Emilia D., Stokes, Chris R., Winsborrow, Monica C.M. & Andreassen, Karin (2018). Relationship between mega-scale glacial lineations and iceberg ploughmarks on the Bjørnøyrenna Palaeo-Ice Stream bed, Barents Sea. Marine geology 402: 153-164.
• Bickerdike, H.L., Evans, D.J.A., Stokes, C.R. & Ó Cofaigh, C. (2018). The Glacial Geomorphology of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial in Britain: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science 33(1): 1-54.
• Stokes, C.R. (2018). Geomorphology under ice streams: moving from form to process. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43(1): 85-123.
• Ely, J.C., Clark, C.D., Spagnolo, M., Hughes, A.L.C. & Stokes, C.R. (2018). Using the size and position of drumlins to understand how they grow, interact and evolve. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43(5): 1073-1087.
• Clark, Chris D., Ely, Jeremy C., Spagnolo, Matteo, Hahn, Ute, Hughes, Anna L.C. & Stokes, Chris R. (2018). Spatial organization of drumlins. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43(2): 499-513.
• Bickerdike, H.L., Ó Cofaigh, C., Evans, D.J.A & Stokes, C.R. (2018). Glacial landsystems, retreat dynamics and controls on Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) glaciation in Britain. Boreas 47(1): 202-224.
• Carr, R., Stokes, C.R. & Vieli, A. (2017). Threefold increase in marine-terminating outlet glacier retreat rates across the Atlantic Arctic: 1992-2010. Journal of Glaciology 58(74): 72-91.
• Spagnolo, Matteo, Bartholomaus, Timothy C., Clark, Chris D., Stokes, Chris R., Atkinson, Nigel, Dowdeswell, Julian A., Ely, Jeremy C., Graham, Alastair G. C., Hogan, Kelly A., King, Edward C., Larter, Robert D., Livingstone, Stephen J. & Pritchard, Hamish D. (2017). The periodic topography of ice stream beds: Insights from the Fourier spectra of mega-scale glacial lineations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 122(7): 1355-1373.
• Stokes, C.R. (2017). Deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 43(2): 377-428.
• Lovell, A.M., Stokes, C.R. & Jamieson, S.S.R. (2017). Sub-decadal variations in outlet glacier terminus positions in Victoria Land, Oates Land and George V Land, East Antarctica (1972-2013). Antarctic Science 29(5): 468-483.
• Miles, B.W.J., Stokes, C.R. & Jamieson, S.S.R (2017). Simultaneous disintegration of outlet glaciers in Porpoise Bay (Wilkes Land), East Antarctica, driven by sea ice break-up. The Cryosphere 11: 427-442.
• Hill, E.A., Carr, R.J. & Stokes, C.R. (2017). A review of recent changes in major marine-terminating outlet glaciers in northern Greenland. Frontiers in Earth Science 4: 11.
• Darvill, C.M., Stokes, C.R., Bentley, M.J., Evans, D.J.A. & Lovell, H. (2017). Dynamics of former ice lobes of the southernmost Patagonian Ice Sheet based on a glacial landsystems approach. Journal of Quaternary Science 32(6): 857-876.
• Piasecka, E.D., Winsborrow, M.C.M., Andreassen, K. & Stokes, C.R. (2016). Reconstructing the retreat dynamics of the Bjørnøyrenna Ice Stream based on new 3D seismic geomorphology from the central Barents Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews 151: 212-227.
• Langley, E.S., Leeson, A.A., Stokes, C.R. & Jamieson, S.S.R. (2016). Seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on an East Antarctic outlet glacier. Geophysical Research Letters 43(16): 8563-8571.
• Darvill, C.M., Bentley, M.J., Stokes, C.R. & Shulmeister, J. (2016). The timing and cause of glacial advances in the southern mid-latitudes during the last glacial cycle based on a synthesis of exposure ages from Patagonia and New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews 149: 200-214.
• Barchyn, T.E., Dowling, T.P.F., Stokes, C.R. & Hugenholtz, C.G. (2016). Subglacial bedform morphology controlled by ice speed and sediment thickness. Geophysical Research Letters 43(14): 7572-7580.
• Hillier, J.K., Kougioumtzoglou, I.A., Stokes, C.R., Smith, M.J., Clark, C. & Spagnolo, M.S. (2016). Exploring Explanations of Subglacial Bedform Sizes Using Statistical Models. PLoS ONE 11(7): e0159489.
• Stokes, C.R., Margold, M. & Creyts, T.T. (2016). Ribbed bedforms on palaeo-ice stream beds resemble regular patterns of basal shear stress (‘traction ribs’) inferred from modern ice streams. Journal of Glaciology 62(234): 696-713.
• Miles, B.W.J., Stokes, C.R. & Jamieson, S.S.R. (2016). Pan–ice-sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes. Science Advances 2(5): e1501350.
• Livingstone, S.J., Stokes, C.R., O Cofaigh, C., Hillenbrand, C-D., Vieli, A., Jamieson, S.S.R., Spagnolo, M. & Dowdeswell, J. (2016). Subglacial processes on an Antarctic ice stream bed. 1: Sediment transport and bedform genesis inferred from marine geophysical data. Journal of Glaciology 62(232): 270-284.
• Jamieson, S.S.R., Stokes, C.R., Livingstone, S.J., Vieli, A. Ò Cofaigh, C., Hillenbrand, C-D. & Spagnolo, M. (2016). Subglacial processes on an Antarctic ice stream bed. 2: Can modelled ice dynamics explain the morphology of mega-scale glacial lineations? Journal of Glaciology 62(232): 285-298.
• Spagnolo, M., Phillips, E., Piotrowski, J.A., Rea, B.R., Clark, C.D., Stokes, C.R., Carr, S.J., Ely, J.C., Ribolini, A., Wysota, W. & Szuman, I. (2016). Ice stream motion facilitated by a shallow-deforming and accreting bed. Nature Communications 7: 10723.
• Stokes, C.R., Margold, M., Clark, C.D. & Tarasov, L. (2016). Ice stream activity scaled to ice sheet volume during Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation. Nature 530(7590): 322-326.
• Bickerdike,H., Evans, D.J.A., Ó Cofaigh, C. & Stokes, C.R. (2016). The glacial geomorphology of the Loch Lomond Stadial in Britain: a map and geographic information system resource of published evidence. Journal of Maps 12(5): 1178-1186.
• Otteson, D., Stokes, C.R., Bøe, R., Rise, L., Longva, O., Thorsnes, T., Olesen, O., Bugge, T., Lepland, A. & Hestvik, O.B. (2016). Landform assemblages and sedimentary processes along the Norwegian Channel Ice Stream. Sedimentary Geology 338: 115-137.
• Ely, J.C., Clark, C.D., Spagnolo, M., Stokes, C.R., Greenwood, S.L., Hughese, A.L.C., Dunlopf, P. & Hessg, D. (2016). Do subglacial bedforms comprise a size and shape continuum? Geomorphology 257: 108-119.
• Chang, M., Jamieson, S.S.R., Bentley, M.J. & Stokes, C.R. (2016). The surficial and subglacial geomorphology of western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Journal of Maps 12(5): 892-903.
• Stokes, C.R., Tarasov, L., Blomdin, R., Cronin, T.M., Fisher, T.G., Gyllencreutz, R., Hättestrand, C., Heyman, J., Hindmarsh, R.C.A., Hughes, A.L.C., Jakobsson, M., Kirchner, N., Livingstone, S.J., Margold, M., Murton, J.B., Noormets, R., Peltier, W.R., Peteet, D.M., Piper, D.J.W., Preusser, F., Renssen, H., Roberts, D.H., Roche, D.M., Saint-Ange, F., Stroeven, A.P. & Teller, J.T. (2015). On the Reconstruction of Palaeo-Ice Sheets: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Quaternary Science Reviews 125: 15-49.
• Storrar, R.D., Evans, D.J.A., Stokes, C.R. & Ewertowski, M. (2015). Controls on the location, morphology and evolution of complex esker systems at decadal timescales, Breiðamerkurjökull, southeast Iceland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 40(11): 1421-1438.
• Margold, M., Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2015). Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets. Earth-Science Reviews 143: 117-146.
• Carr, J.R., Vieli, A., Stokes, C.R., Jamieson, S.S.R., Palmer, S.J., Christoffersen, P., Dowdeswell, J.A., Nick, F.M., Blankenship, D.D. & Young, D.A. (2015). Basal topographic controls on rapid retreat of Humboldt Glacier, northern Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 61(225): 137-150.
• Livingstone, S.J., Storrar, R.D., Hillier, J.K., Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D. & Tarasov, L. (2015). An ice-sheet scale comparison of eskers with modelled subglacial drainage routes. Geomorphology 246: 104-112.
• Darvill, Christopher M., Bentley, Michael J. & Stokes, Chris R. (2015). Geomorphology and weathering characteristics of erratic boulder trains on Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America: implications for dating of glacial deposits. Geomorphology 228: 382-397.
• Darvill, C.M., Bentley, M.J., Stokes, C.R., Hein, A.S. & Rodés, A. (2015). Extensive MIS 3 glaciation in southernmost Patagonia revealed by cosmogenic nuclide dating of outwash sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 429: 157-169.
• Margold, M., Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D. & Kleman, J. (2015). Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: a new mapping inventory. Journal of Maps 11(3): 380-395.
• Hillier, J.K., Smith, M.J., Armugam, R., Barr, I., Boston, C.M., Clark, C.D., Ely, J., Fankl, J., Greenwood, S.L., Gosselin, L., Hattestrand, C., Hogan, K., Hughes, A.L., Livingstone, S.L., Lovell, H., McHenry, M., Monoz, Y., Pellicer, X.M., Pellitero, R., Robb, C., Roberson, S., Ruther, D., Spagnolo, M., Standell, M., Stokes, C.R., Storrar, R., Tate, N.J. & Wooldridge, K. (2015). Manual mapping of drumlins in synthetic landscapes to assess operator effectiveness. Journal of Maps 11(5): 719-729.
• Jamieson, S.S.R., Stokes, C.R., Ross, N., Rippin, D.M., Bingham, R.G., Wilson, D.S., Margold, M. & Bentley, M.J. (2014). The Glacial Geomorphology of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Bed. Antarctic Science 26(6): 724-741.
• Storrar,R.D., Stokes, C.R. & Evans, D.J.A. (2014). Morphometry and pattern of a large sample (>20,000) of Canadian eskers and implications for subglacial drainage beneath ice sheets. Quaternary Science Reviews 105: 1-25.
• Jamieson, S.S.R., Vieli, A., Ó Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C.R., Livingstone, S.J. & Hillenbrand, C-D. (2014). Understanding controls on rapid ice-stream retreat during the last deglaciation of Marguerite Bay, Antarctica, using a numerical model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 119(2): 247-263.
• Storrar, R.D., Stokes, C.R. & Evans, D.J.A. (2014). Increased channelization of subglacial drainage during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Geology 42(3): 239-242.
• Darvill, C.M., Stokes, C.R., Bentley, M.J. & Lovell, H. (2014). A glacial geomorphological map of the southernmost ice lobes of Patagonia: the Bahía Inútil - San Sebastián, Magellan, Otway, Skyring and Bella Vista lobes. Journal of Maps 10(3): 500-520.
• Turner, A.J., Woodward, J., Stokes, C.R., O'Cofaigh, C. & Dunning, S. (2014). Glacial geomorphology of the Great Glen Region of Scotland. Journal of Maps 10(1): 159-178.
• Carr, J.R., Stokes, C.R. & Vieli, A. (2014). Recent retreat of major outlet glaciers on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, influenced by fjord geometry and sea-ice conditions. Journal of Glaciology 60(219): 155-170.
• Stokes, C.R., Corner, G.C., Winsborrow, M.C.M., Husum, K. & Andreassen, K. (2014). Asynchronous response of marine-terminating outlet glaciers during deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Geology 42(5): 455-458.
• Pfeffer, W. Tad, Arendt, Anthony A., Bliss, Andrew, Bolch, Tobias, Cogley, J. Graham, Gardner, Alex S., Hagen, Jon-Ove, Hock, Regine, Kaser, Georg, Kienholz, Christian, Miles, Evan S., Moholdt, Geir, Mölg, Nico, Paul, Frank, Radić, Valentina, Rastner, Philipp, Raup, Bruce H., Rich, Justin, Sharp, Martin J., Andreassen, L.M., Bajracharya, S., Barrand, N.E., Beedle, M.J., Berthier, E., Bhambri, R., Brown, I., Burgess, D.O., Burgess, E.W., Cawkwell, F., Chinn, T., Copland, L., Cullen, N.J., Davies, B., Angelis, H. De, Fountain, A.G., Frey, H., Giffen, B.A., Glasser, N.F., Gurney, S.D., Hagg, W., Hall, D.K., Haritashya, U.K., Hartmann, G., Herreid, S., Howat, I., Jiskoot, H., Khromova, T.E., Klein, A., Kohler, J., Ko¨nig, M., Kriegel, D., Kutuzov, S., Lavrentiev, I., Le Bris, R., Li, X., Manley, W.F., Mayer, C., Menounos, B., Mercer, A., Mool, P., Negrete, A., Nosenko, G., Nuth, C., Osmonov, A., Pettersson, R., Racoviteanu, A., Ranzi, R., Sarıkaya, M.A., Schneider, C., Sigurðsson, O., Sirguey, P., Stokes, C.R., Wheate, R., Wolken, G.J., Wu, L.Z. & Wyatt F.R. (2014). The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 60(221): 537-552.
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D., Ely, J.C., Stokes, C.R., Anderson, J.B., Andreassen, K., Graham, A.G.C. & King, E.C. (2014). Size, shape and spatial arrangement of mega-scale glacial lineations from a large and diverse dataset. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39(11): 1432-1448.
• Fairen, A.G., Stokes, C.R., Davies, N.S., Schulze-Makuch, D., Rodriguez, J.A.P., Davila, A.F., Uceda, E.R., Dohm, J.M., Baker, V.R., Clifford, S.M., McKay, C.P. & Squyres, S.W. (2014). A cold hydrological system in Gale Crater, Mars. Planetary and Space Science 93-94: 101-118.
• Stokes, C.R., Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D., O'Cofaigh, C., Lian, O.B. & Dunstone, R.B. (2013). Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations on the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream bed: 1. Size, Shape and Spacing from a large remote sensing dataset. Quaternary Science Reviews 77: 190-209.
• O'Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C.R., Lian, O.B., Clark, C.D. & Tulaczyk, S. (2013). Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations on the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream bed: 2. Sedimentology and stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 77: 210-227.
• Hillier, J.K., Smith, M.J., Clark, C.D., Stokes, C.R. & Spagnolo, M. (2013). Subglacial bedforms reveal an exponential size-frequency distribution. Geomorphology 190: 82-91.
• Livingstone, S.J., O'Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C.R., Hillenbrand, C-D., Vieli, A. & Jamieson, S.S.R. (2013). Glacial geomorphology of Marguerite Bay Palaeo-Ice stream, western Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Maps 9(4): 558-572.
• Stokes, C.R., Shahgedanova, M., Evans, I.S. & Popovnin, V.V. (2013). Accelerated loss of alpine glaciers in the Kodar Mountains, south-eastern Siberia Global and Planetary Change 101: 82-96.
• Miles, B.W.J., Stokes, C.R., Vieli, A. & Cox, N.J. (2013). Rapid, climate-driven changes in outlet glaciers on the Pacific coast of East Antarctica. Nature 500(7464): 563-566.
• Carr, J.R., Vieli, A. & Stokes, C.R. (2013). Influence of sea ice decline, atmospheric warming, and glacier width on marine-terminating outlet glacier behavior in northwest Greenland at seasonal to interannual timescales. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 118(3): 1210-1226.
• Fowler, A.C., Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D., Stokes, C.R., Hughes, A.L.C. & Dunlop, P. (2013). On the size and shape of drumlins. GEM: International Journal on Geomathematics 4(2): 155-165.
• Stokes, C.R., Fowler, A.C., Clark, C.D., Hindmarsh, R.C.A. & Spagnolo, M. (2013). The instability theory of drumlin formation and its explanation of their varied composition and internal structure. Quaternary Science Reviews 62: 77-96.
• Davila, A.F., Fairen, A.G., Stokes, C.R., Platz, T., Rodriguez, A.P., Lacelle, D., Dohm, J. & Pollard, W. (2013). Evidence for Hesperian glaciation along the Martian dichotomy boundary. Geology 41(7): 755-758.
• Carr, J.R., Stokes, C.R. & Vieli, A. (2013). Recent progress in understanding marine-terminating Arctic outlet glacier response to climatic and oceanic forcing: twenty years of rapid change. Progress in Physical Geography 37(4): 435-466.
• Storrar, R.D., Stokes, C.R. & Evans, D.J.A. (2013). A map of large Canadian eskers from Landsat satellite imagery. Journal of Maps 9(3): 456-473.
• Turner, A.J., Woodward, J., Dunning, S.A., Shine, A.J., Stokes, C.R. & O'Cofaigh, C. (2012). Geophysical surveys of the sediments of Loch Ness, Scotland: implications for the deglaciation of the Moray Firth Ice Stream, British-Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 27(2): 221-232.
• Lovell, H., Stokes, C.R. & Bentley, M.J. (2012). A glacial geomorphological map of the Seno Skyring-Seno Otway-Strait of Magellan region, southernmost Patagonia. Journal of Maps 7(1): 318-339.
• Jamieson, S.S.R., Vieli, A., Livingstone, S.J., Ó Cofaigh, C., Stokes, C.R., Hillenbrand, C-D. & Dowdeswell, J.A. (2012). Ice-stream stability on a reverse bed slope. Nature Geoscience 5(11): 799-802.
• Winsborrow, M.C.M., Stokes, C.R. & Andreassen, K. (2012). Ice-stream flow switching during deglaciation of the southwestern Barents Sea. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124(3/4): 275-290.
• Livingstone, S.J., O'Cofaigh, C.O., Stokes C.R., Hillenbrand, C-D., Vieli, A. & Jamieson, S.S.R. (2012). Antarctic palaeo-ice streams. Earth-Science Reviews 111(1-2): 90-128.
• Lovell, H., Stokes, C.R., Bentley, M.J. & Benn, D.I. (2012). Evidence for rapid ice flow and proglacial lake evolution around the central Strait of Magellan region, southernmost Patagonia. Journal of Quaternary Science 27(6): 625-638.
• Stokes, C.R., Tarasov, L. & Dyke, A.S. (2012). Dynamics of the North American Ice Sheet complex during its inception and build-up to the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Review 50: 86-104.
• Brown, V.H., Stokes, C.R. & O'Cofaigh, C. (2011). Glacial geomorphology of the north-west sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Journal of Maps 2011: 409-428.
• Stokes, C.R., Spagnolo, M. & Clark, C.D. (2011). The composition and internal structure of drumlins: Complexity, commonality, and implications for a unifying theory of their formation. Earth-Science Reviews 107(3-4): 398-422.
• Shahgenova, M., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A. & Stokes, C.R. (2011). Geodetic mass balance of Azarova glacier, Kodar mountains, eastern Siberia, and its links to observed and projected climatic change. Annals of Glaciology 52(58): 129-137.
• Stokes, C.R. & Tarasov, L. (2010). Ice streaming in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: A first comparison between data-calibrated numerical model output and geological evidence. Geophysical Research Letters 37(1): L01501.
• Ó Cofaigh, C., Dowdeswell, J.D., King, E.C., Anderson, J.B., Clark, C.D., Evans, D.J.A., Evans, J., Hindmarsh, R.C.A., Larter, R.D. & Stokes, C.R. (2010). Comment on Shaw J., Pugin, A. and Young, R. (2008): “A meltwater origin for Antarctic shelf bedforms with special attention to megalineations”, Geomorphology 102, 364–375. Geomorphology 117(1-2): 195-198.
• Winsborrow, M.C.M., Clark, C.D. & Stokes, C.R. (2010). What controls the location of ice streams? Earth-Science Reviews 103(1-2): 45-59.
• Spagnolo, M., Clark, C.D., Hughes, A.L.C., Dunlop, P. & Stokes, C.R. (2010). The planar shape of drumlins. Sedimentary Geology 232(3-4): 119-129.
• Grant, K.L., Stokes, C.R. & Evans, I.S. (2009). Identification and characteristics of surge-type glaciers on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic. Journal of Glaciology 55(194): 960-972.
• Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D. & Storrar, R. (2009). Major changes in ice stream dynamics during deglaciation of the north-western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 28(7-8): 721-738.
• King, E.C., Hindmarsh, R.C.A. & Stokes, C.R. (2009). Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations observed beneath a West Antarctic ice stream. Nature Geoscience 2(8): 585-596.
• Ó Cofaigh, C. & Stokes, C.R. (2008). Reconstructing ice-sheet dynamics from subglacial sediments and landforms: introduction and overview. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33(4): 495-502.
• Gurney, S.D., Popovnin, V.V., Shahgedanova, M. & Stokes, C.R. (2008). A glacier inventory for the Buordakh Massif, Cherskiy Range, Northeast Siberia, and evidence for recent glacier recession. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40(1): 81-88.
• Hindmarsh, R.C.A. & Stokes, C.R. (2008). Formation mechanisms for ice-stream shear margin moraines. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33(4): 610-626.
• Ottesen, D., Stokes, C.R., Rise, L. & Olsen, L. (2008). Ice-sheet dynamics and ice streaming along the coastal parts of northern Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 922-940.
• Stokes, C.R., Lian, O.B., Tulaczyk, S. & Clark, C.D. (2008). Superimposition of ribbed moraines on a palaeo-ice-stream bed: implications for ice stream dynamics and shutdown. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33(4): 593-609.
• Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D., Lian, O. & Tulaczyk, S. (2007). Ice stream sticky spots: A review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary and palaeo-ice streams. Earth Science Reviews 81(3-4): 217-249.
• Storrar, R. & Stokes, C.R. (2007). A Glacial Geomorphological Map of Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic. Journal of Maps 3(1): 191-210.
• Shahgedanova, M. Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., Petrakov, D. & Stokes, C.R. (2007). Long-term, interannual and intra-seasonal variability in climate and glacier mass balance in the central Greater Caucaus, Russia. Annals of Glaciology 46: 355-361.
• Stokes, C.R., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., Gurney, S.D. & Shahgedanova, M. (2007). Recent glacier retreat in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, and associated increase in supraglacial debris cover and supra/proglacial lake development. Annals of Glaciology 46: 195-203.
• Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D. & Winsborrow, M.C.M. (2006). Subglacial bedform evidence for a major paleo-ice stream and its retreat phases in Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of Quaternary Science 21(4): 399-412.
• Stokes, C.R., Gurney, S.D., Shahgedanova, M. & Popovnin, V. (2006). Late-20th-century changes in glacier extent in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia. Journal of Glaciology 52(176): 99-109.
• Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D., Lian, O.B. & Tulacztk, S. (2006). Geomorphological Map of Ribbed Moraines on the Dubawnt Lake Palaeo-Ice Stream Bed: A Signature of Ice Stream Shut-Down? Journal of Maps 1-9.
• Shahgedanova, M., Stokes, C.R. & Gurney, S.D. (2005). Interactions between mass blanace, atmospheric circulation, and recent climate change on the Djankuat Glacier, Caucasus Mountains, Russia. Journal of Geophysical Research 110: 1-14.
• Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D., Darby, D.A. & Hodgson, D.A. (2005). Late Pleistocene ice export events into the Arctic Ocean from the M'Clure Strait Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Global and Planetary Change 49(3-4): 139-162.
• Winsborrow, M.C.M., Clark, C.D. & Stokes, C.R. (2004). Ice Streams of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 58(2-3): 269-280.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2004). Evolution of late glacial ice-marginal lakes on the northwestern Canadian Shield and their influence on the location of the Dubawnt Lake palaeo-ice stream. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 215(1-2): 155-171.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2003). Laurentide ice streaming on the Canadian Shield: A conflict with the soft-bedded ice stream paradigm? Geology 31(4): 347-350.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2003). The Dubawnt Lake palaeo-ice stream: evidence for dynamic ice sheet behaviour on the Canadian Shield and insights regarding the controls on ice-stream location and vigour. Boreas 32: 263-279.
• Clark, C.D., Tulaczyk, M., Stokes, C.R. & Canals, M. (2003). A groove-ploughing theory for the production of mega-scale glacial lineations, and implications for ice-stream mechanics. Journal of Glaciology 49(165): 240-256.
• Dokken, T., Andrews, J.T., Hemming, S., Stokes, C.R. & Jansen, E. (2003). Researchers Discuss Abrupt Climate Change: Ice Sheets and Oceans in Action. EOS 84(20): 189-193.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2002). Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow? Boreas 31(3): 239-249.
• Stokes, C.R. (2002). Identification and mapping of palaeo-ice stream geomorphology from satellite imagery: implications for ice stream functioning and ice sheet dynamics. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23(8): 1557-1563.
• Clark, C.D. & Stokes, C.R. (2001). Extent and basal characteristics of the M'Clintock Channel Ice Stream. Quaternary International 86: 81-101.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2001). Palaeo-ice streams. Quaternary Science Reviews 20: 1437-1457.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (2001). Identifying Palaeo-Ice Stream Tracks Using Remote Sensing. Solvak Geological Magazine 7(3): 247-262.
• Stokes, C.R. (2000). Bedform characteristics of the M'Clintock Channel ice stream, Victoria Island, Arctic Canada. Quaternary Newsletter 91: 35-38.
• Stokes, C.R. & Clark, C.D. (1999). Geomorphological criteria for identifying Pleistocene ice streams. Annals of Glaciology 28: 67-74.

Newspaper/Magazine Article

• Stokes, C.R. (2008). Ice cores. Physics Review 17(4): 8-11.
• Stokes, C.R. (2007). Glaciers. Physics Review 16(3): 2-5.