Staff profile

2017 — Associate Professor (Reader), Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, UK.

2008 – 2016 — Reader, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, UK.

2007 – 2008  — Lecturer, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, UK.

2006 – 2007  — Associate Professor, School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Canada.

2003 – 2006  — Assistant Professor, School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Canada.

2000 – 2003  — Lecturer, Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, UK.

Research Interests

Darren Gröcke is the Director of the Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry Laboratory (SIBL — more details can be found at https://sites.google.com/site/stablesibl/home) in Durham University. He is an international expert in the field of stable isotope geochemistry and in particular stable carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. His research interests are not confined to a specific topic or specific time interval, but span all the sciences and the geological record. Research areas that he has made significant advances is in stable isotope stratigraphy, understanding the causes and consequences of oceanic anoxic events, carbon isotopes in fossil plants as a stratigraphic tool, palaeodietary reconstruction with nitrogen isotopes, and the application of hydrogen isotopes in beetles as a recorder of climate and environment.

Current research projects include:

• Stable isotopes in macroalgae
• Cultivation in archaeology as recorded by nitrogen isotopes
• Understanding modern organic carbon burial in estuarine environments
• Hydrogen isotopes in archaeological collagen
• Climatic and environmental change recorded at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary
• Silurian stratigraphy of evaporite environments
• Stable isotope records in tree rings
• Archaeology and environment of submersed forests around the UK coast

• Stable Isotopes
• Geochemistry
• Palaeoclimates
• Palaeoenvironments
• Palaeodiets
• Palaeoceanography
• Palaeobotany
• Botany
• Sedimentology
• Stratigraphy
• Sea level
• Environment
• Black Shales
• Oceanic anoxic events

• Climate and Environmental Change
• Geochemistry Research Group
• Geoenergy, Resources and Waste
• Palaeoclimate Research Group
• Sedimentology Research Group

• Academia
• Google Scholar
• Research Gate
• Twitter

• 2015: Scanning probe microscope - stable isotope mass spectrometer (SPM-SIMS) for establishing mineral chemistry equilibria(£322296.00 from NERC - Natural Environment Research Council)
• 2014: Seaweeds: an ignored geochemical system in modern and ancient oceans(£19663.00 from OEA Laboratories Limited)
• 2014: Unconventional Offshore Petroleum - extracting oil from active source rocks of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the North Sea(£90000.00 from Jersey Oil & Gas PLC)
• 2011: Establishing causes of sea-level change and oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous: regional versus global patterns(£569600.19 from NERC - Natural Environment Research Council)
• 2010: Environmental Challenge at Buttery Oxbrow(£8160.00 from Natural England)
• 2009: Characterizing mantle input during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event using osmium isotopes(£35498.68 from NERC - Natural Environment Research Council)
• 2008: OBTAINING A HIGH-LATITUDE SOUTHERN(£110538.71 from NERC - Natural Environment Research Council)

Chapter in book

• Gröcke, Darren R. (2020). Carbon isotope stratigraphy: Principles and applications. In Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy. Montenari, M. Elsevier. 5: 1-40.
• Rogers, B., Gron, K., Montgomery, J., Gröcke, D.R. & Rowley-Conwy, P. (2018). Aurochs Hunters: The Large Animal Bones from Blick Mead. In Blick Mead: Exploring the 'first place' in the Stonehenge landscape. Archaeological excavations at Blick Mead, Amesbury, Wiltshire 2005–2016. Jacques, D., Phillips, T. & Lyons, T. Oxford: Peter Lang. 1: 127-152.
• Plint, A.G., Hooper, E.A., Grifi, M.D., Walaszczyk, I., Landman, N., Gröcke, D.R. & Jarvis, I. (2017). Integrated, high-resolution allostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and carbon-isotope correlation of Coniacian strata (Upper Cretaceous), western Alberta and northern Montana. In Allostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin. Landman, Neil H., Plint, A. Guy. & Walaszczyk, Ireneus New York: American Museum of Natural History. 414: 9-52.
• Caruthers, A. H., Smith, P. L. & Gröcke, D. R. (2014). The Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction: A North American perspective. In Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects. Geological Society of America. 505: 225-243.
• Laya, J. C., Tucker, M. E., Gröcke, D. R. & Perez-Huerta, A. (2013). Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopic composition of low-latitude Permian carbonates (Venezuelan Andes): climate proxies of tropical Pangea. In Palaeozoic Climate Cycles: Their Evolutionary and Sedimentological Impact. Geological Society of London. 376: 367-385.
• Gröcke, D. R., van Hardenbroek, M., Sauer, P. E. & Elias, S. A. (2010). Hydrogen Isotopes in Beetle Chitin. In Chitin: formation and diagenesis. Gupta, Neal S. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 105-116.
• Gröcke, D. R. (2009). “Greenhouse” (Warm) Climates. In Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag. 397-405.

Journal Article

• Salisbury, Jack, Gröcke, Darren R., Cheung, H. D. R. Ashleigh, Kump, Lee R., McKie, Tom & Ruffell, Alastair (2022). An 80-million-year sulphur isotope record of pyrite burial over the Permian–Triassic. Scientific Reports 12: 17370
• Trabucho-Alexandre, J.P., Gröcke, D.R., Atar, E., Herringshaw, L. & Jarvis, I. (2022). A new subsurface record of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, of Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 64(2).
• Bishop, R.R. Gröcke, D.R., Ralston, I.B.M., Clarke, D.V., Lee, D. Shepherd, A. Thomas, A., Rowley-Conwy, P.A. & Church, M.J. (2022). Scotland’s first farmers: new insights into early farming practices in north-west Europe. Antiquity 96(389).
• Hage, S., Galy, V. V., Cartigny, M. J. B., Heerema, C., Heijnen, M. S., Acikalin, S., Clare, M. A., Giesbrecht, I., Gröcke, D. R., Hendry, A., Hilton, R. G., Hubbard, S. M., Hunt, J. E., Lintern, D. G., McGhee, C., Parsons, D. R., Pope, E. L., Stacey, C. D., Sumner, E. J., Tank, S. & Talling, P. J. (2022). Turbidity Currents Can Dictate Organic Carbon Fluxes Across River‐Fed Fjords: An Example From Bute Inlet (BC, Canada). Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 127(6).
• Galib, S.M., Sun, J., Gröcke, D.R. & Lucas, M.C. (2022). Ecosystem effects of invasive crayfish increase with crayfish density. Freshwater Biology 67(6): 1005-1019.
• McClymont, Erin L., Bentley, Michael J., Hodgson, Dominic A., Spencer-Jones, Charlotte L., Wardley, Thomas, West, Martin D., Croudace, Ian W., Berg, Sonja, Gröcke, Darren R., Kuhn, Gerhard, Jamieson, Stewart S. R., Sime, Louise & Phillips, Richard A. (2022). Summer sea-ice variability on the Antarctic margin during the last glacial period reconstructed from snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) stomach-oil deposits. Climate of the Past 18(2): 381-403.
• Ostrum, Brett, Gröcke, Darren R. & Montgomery, Janet (2022). A Comparison of Dietary Isotopes in Pulp Stones and Incremental Dentine from Early Neolithic Individuals of the Whitwell Long Cairn, England. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 177(4): 769-783.
• McClymont, E.L., Bentley, M.J., Hodgson, D.A., Spencer-Jones, C.L., Wardley, T., West, M.D., Croudace, I.W., Berg, S., Gröcke, D.R., Kuhn, G., Jamieson, S.S.R., Sime, L.C. & Phillips, R.A. (2022). Snow petrel stomach-oil deposits as a new biological archive of Antarctic sea ice. Past Global Changes Magazine 30(2): 82-83.
• Plint, A. Guy, Uličný, David, Čech, Stanislav, Walaszczyk, Ireneusz, Gröcke, Darren R., Laurin, Jiří, Shank, Joel A. & Jarvis, Ian (2022). Trans-Atlantic correlation of Late Cretaceous high-frequency sea-level cycles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 578: 117323.
• King, Charlotte L., Kinaston, Rebecca L., Snoddy, Anne Marie E., Buckley, Hallie R., Petchey, Peter, Millard, Andrew R. & Gröcke, Darren R. (2022). Childhood in Colonial Otago, New Zealand: Integrating Isotopic and Dental Evidence for Growth Disturbance and Oral Health. Childhood in the Past 15(1): 15-43.
• Golombek, Nina Y., Scheingross, Joel S., Repasch, Marisa N., Hovius, Niels, Menges, Johanna, Sachse, Dirk, Lupker, Maarten, Eglinton, Timothy I., Haghipour, Negar, Poulson, Simon R., Gröcke, Darren R., Latosinski, Francisco G. & Szupiany, Ricardo N. (2022). Fluvial organic carbon composition regulated by seasonal variability in lowland river migration and water discharge. Geophysical Research Letters
• Carroll, E.L., Dunshea, G., Ott, P.H., Valenzuela, L.O., Baker, C.S., Childerhouse, S.J., Gaggiotti, O.E., Flores, P.A.C., Groch, K., Gröcke, D.R., Hindell, M.A., Lundqvist, D., Oliviera, L.R., Rowntree, V., Sironi, M. & Newsome, S.D. (2022). Variation in δ13C and δ15N values of mothers and their calves across southern right whale nursery grounds: the effects of nutritional stress? Marine Mammal Science 38(2): 468-499.
• Caruthers, A.H., Marroquín, S.M., Gröcke, D.R., Golding, M.L., Aberhan, M., Them, T.R., Veenma, Y.P., Owens, J.D., McRoberts, C.A., Friedman, R.M., Trop, J.M., Szűcs, D., Pálfy, J., Rioux, M., Trabucho-Alexandre, J.P. & Gill, B.C. (2022). New evidence for a long Rhaetian from a Panthalassan succession (Wrangell Mountains, Alaska) and regional differences in carbon cycle perturbations at the Triassic-Jurassic transition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 577: 117262.
• Karkuleviciute, K, Gron, KJ, Patterson, WP, Panelli, C, Rossi, S, Timsic, S, Gröcke, DR, Maggi, R & Rowley-Conwy, P (2021). Transhumance in the Early Neolithic? Carbon and oxygen isotope insights into sheep husbandry at Arene Candide, Northern Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 40(Part B): 103240.
• Repasch, Marisa, Scheingross, Joel S., Hovius, Niels, Lupker, Maarten, Wittmann, Hella, Haghipour, Negar, Gröcke, Darren R., Orfeo, Oscar, Eglinton, Timothy I. & Sachse, Dirk (2021). Fluvial organic carbon cycling regulated by sediment transit time and mineral protection. Nature Geoscience 14(11): 842-848.
• Lombino, Alex, Atkinson, Tim, Brooks, Stephen J., Gröcke, Darren R., Holmes, Jonathan, Jones, Vivienne J., Marshall, Jim D., Nierop, Klaas G.J. & Thomas, Zoë (2021). Climate reconstruction from paired oxygen-isotope analyses of chironomid larval head capsules and endogenic carbonate (Hawes Water, UK) - Potential and problems. Quaternary Science Reviews 270: 107160.
• Lombino, Alex, Atkinson, Tim, Brooks, Stephen J., Gröcke, Darren R., Holmes, Jonathan, Jones, Vivienne J. & Marshall, Jim D. (2021). Experimental determination of the temperature dependence of oxygen-isotope fractionation between water and chitinous head capsules of chironomid larvae. Journal of Paleolimnology 66(2): 117-124.
• Scheingross, J.S., Repasch, M.N., Hovius, N., Sachse, D., Lupker, M., Fuchs, M., Halevy, I., Gröcke, D.R., Golombek, N.Y., Haghipour, N., Eglinton, T.I., Orfeo, O. & Schleicher, A.M. (2021). The fate of fluvially-deposited organic carbon during transient floodplain storage. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 561: 116822.
• King, Charlotte L, Petchey, Peter Kinaston, Rebecca Gröcke, Darren R. Millard, Andrew R. Wanhalla, Angela Brooking, Tom Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth & Buckley, Hallie R. (2021). A Land of Plenty? Colonial Diet in Rural New Zealand. Historical Archaeology 55(2): 250-268.
• Gröcke, Darren R., Treasure, Edward R., Lester, Jonathan J., Gron, Kurt J. & Church, Mike J. (2021). Effects of marine biofertilisation on Celtic bean carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes: implications for reconstructing past diet and farming practices. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 35(5): e8985.
• Gron, K.J., Larsson, M., Gröcke, D.R., Andersen, N.H., Andreasen, M.H., Bech, J.-H., Henriksen, P.S., Hilton, R.G., Jessen, M.D., Møller, N.A., Nielsen, F.O., Nielsen, P.O., Pihl, A., Sørensen, L., Westphal, J., Rowley-Conwy, P. & Church, M.J. (2021). Archaeological cereals as an isotope record of long-term soil health and anthropogenic amendment in southern Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews 253: 106762.
• Berg, Gideon L., Vermeulen, Els, Valenzuela, Luciano O., Bérubé, Martine, Ganswindt, Andre, Gröcke, Darren R., Hall, Grant, Hulva, Pavel, Neveceralova, Petra, Palsbøll, Per J. & Carroll, Emma L. (2020). Decadal shift in foraging strategy of a migratory southern ocean predator. Global Change Biology
• Bailes, Imogen R. & Gröcke, Darren R. (2020). Isotopically‐labelled macroalgae: a new method for determining sources of excess nitrogen pollution. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 34(24): e8951.
• Wang, J., Howarth, J.D., McClymont, E.L., Densmore, A.L., Fitzsimons, S.J., Croissant, T., Groecke, D.R., West, M.D., Harvey, E., Frith, N.V., Garnett, M.H. & Hilton, R.G. (2020). Long-term patterns of hillslope erosion by earthquake-induced landslides shape mountain landscapes. Science Advances 6(23): eaaz6446.
• Hage, S., Galy V.V., Cartigny, M.J.B., Acikalin, S., Clare, M.A., Gröcke, D.R., Hilton, R.G., Hunt, J.E., Lintern, D.G., McGhee, C.A., Parsons, D.R., Stacey, C.D., Sumner, E.J. & Talling, P.J. (2020). Efficient preservation of young terrestrial organic carbon in sandy turbidity current deposits. Geology 48(9): 882-887.
• Moore, J, Rose, A, Anderson, S, Evans, J, Nowell, G, Grocke, D, Pashley, V, Kirby, M & Montgomery, J (2020). A multi-isotope (C, N, O, Sr, Pb) study of Iron Age and Roman period skeletons from east Edinburgh, Scotland exploring the relationship between decapitation burials and geographical origins. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102075.
• Snoddy, Anne Marie, Buckley, Hallie, King, Charlotte, Kinaston, Rebecca, Nowell, Geoff, Gröcke, Darren, Duncan, Warwick & Petchey, Peter (2020). “Captain of All These Men of Death” An Integrated Case Study of Tuberculosis in Nineteenth-Century Otago, New Zealand. Bioarchaeology International 3(4): 217-237.
• Walser, Joe W. III Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn, Gröcke, Darren R. Gowland, Rebecca, Jakob, Tina, Nowell, Geoffrey, Ottley, Christopher & Montgomery, Janet (2020). At the world’s edge: reconstructing diet and geographic origins in medieval Iceland using isotope and trace element analyses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 171(1): 142-163.
• Clarke, C. L., Gröcke, D. R., Elias, S., Langdon, P. G. & van Hardenbroek, M. (2019). Effects of chemical pretreatment and intra- and inter-specimen variability on δ18O of aquatic insect remains. Journal of Paleolimnology 62(2): 195-204.
• Crowder, Kayla, Montgomery, Janet, Gröcke, Darren & Filipek, Kori (2019). Childhood “stress” and stable isotope life-histories in Transylvania. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 29(4): 644-653.
• László, Orsolya Millard, Andrew R, Gröcke, Darren, Rácz, Miklós & Nowell, Geoff (2019). "Investigation of a Historical Crime Scene" - A Comprehensive Study of an Unusual Burial in the Calvinist Church of Sóly, Hungary. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 25: 320-330.
• Wang, Jin, Hilton, Robert G., Jin, Zhangdong, Zhang, Fei, Densmore, Alexander L., Gröcke, Darren R., Xu, Xiaomei, Li, Gen & Joshua West, A. (2019). The isotopic composition and fluxes of particulate organic carbon exported from the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 252: 1-15.
• Them, T.R., Jagoe, C.H., Caruthers, A.H., Gill, B.C., Grasby, S.E., Gröcke, D.R., Yin, R. & Owens, J.D. (2019). Terrestrial sources as the primary delivery mechanism of mercury to the oceans across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 507: 62-72.
• Gron, Kurt J., Rowley-Conwy, Peter, Fernandez-Dominguez, Eva, Gröcke, Darren R., Montgomery, Janet, Nowell, Geoff M. & Patterson, William P. (2018). A Meeting In The Forest: Hunters And Farmers At The Coneybury ‘Anomaly’, Wiltshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84: 111-144.
• Them, Theodore R., Gill, Benjamin C., Caruthers, Andrew H., Gerhardt, Angela M., Gröcke, Darren R., Lyons, Timothy W., Marroquín, Selva M., Nielsen, Sune G., Trabucho Alexandre, João P. & Owens, Jeremy D. (2018). Thallium isotopes reveal protracted anoxia during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) associated with volcanism, carbon burial, and mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(26): 6596.
• Caruthers, Andrew H., Gröcke, Darren R., Kaczmarek, Stephen E., Rine, Matthew J., Kuglitsch, Jeff & Harrison III, William B. (2018). Utility of organic carbon isotope data from the Salina Group halite (Michigan Basin): A new tool for stratigraphic correlation and paleoclimate proxy resource. GSA Bulletin 130(11/12): 1782-1790.
• King, C. L., Arriaza, B. T., Standen, V. G., Millard, A. R., Gröcke, D. R. Muñoz, I. & Halcrow, S. E. (2018). Estudio isotópico del consumo de recursos maritimos y terrestres en la prehistoria del desierto de Atacama (Isotopic study of marine and terrestrial resources in the prehistory of the Atacama Desert). Chungara: Revista de Antropología Chilena 50(3).
• Gaither, Michelle R., Gkafas, Georgios A., de Jong, Menno, Sarigol, Fatih, Neat, Francis, Regnier, Thomas, Moore, Daniel, Grӧcke, Darren R., Hall, Neil, Liu, Xuan, Kenny, John, Lucaci, Anita, Hughes, Margaret, Haldenby, Sam & Hoelzel, A. Rus (2018). Genomics of habitat choice and adaptive evolution in a deep-sea fish. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2(4): 680-687.
• Cormier, Marc-André, Werner, Roland A., Sauer, Peter E., Gröcke, Darren R., Leuenberger, Markus C., Wieloch, Thomas, Schleucher, Jürgen & Kahmen, Ansgar (2018). 2H‐fractionations during the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and lipids imprint a metabolic signal on the δ2H values of plant organic compounds. New Phytologist 218(2): 479-491.
• King, Charlotte L., Halcrow, Siân E., Millard, Andrew R., Gröcke, Darren R., Standen, Vivien G., Portilla, Marco & Arriaza, Bernardo T. (2018). Let's talk about stress, baby! Infant-feeding practices and stress in the ancient Atacama desert, Northern Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 166(1): 139-155.
• Chang, Jie C., Shulmeister, James, Gröcke, Darren R. & Woodward, Craig A. (2018). Toward more accurate temperature reconstructions based on oxygen isotopes of subfossil chironomid head-capsules in Australia. Limnology and Oceanography 63(1): 295-307.
• Thibault, Nicolas, Ruhl, Micha, Ullmann, Clemens V., Korte, Christoph, Kemp, David B., Gröcke, Darren R. & Hesselbo, Stephen P. (2018). The wider context of the Lower Jurassic Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in Yorkshire coastal outcrops, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 129(3): 372-391.
• Redfern, Rebecca, Gowland, Rebecca, Millard, Andrew, Powell, Lindsay & Gröcke, Darren (2018). ‘From the mouths of babes’ a subadult dietary stable isotope perspective on Roman London (Londinium). Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 1030-1040.
• Horan, K, Hilton, R G, Selby, D Ottley, C J Gröcke, D R Hicks, M & Burton, K W (2017). Mountain glaciation drives rapid oxidation of rock-bound organic carbon. Science Advances 3(10): e1701107.
• Them, T.R., Gill, B. C., Selby, D., Gröcke, D.R., Friedman, R.M. & Owens, J.D. (2017). Evidence for rapid weathering response to climatic warming during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Scientific Reports 7(1): 5003.
• Gron, K. J., Gröcke, D. R., Larsson, M., Sørensen, L., Larsson, L., Rowley-Conwy, P. A. & Church, M. J. (2017). Nitrogen isotope evidence for manuring of Early Neolithic Funnel Beaker Culture cereals from Stensborg, Sweden. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14: 575-579.
• Gröcke, D.R., Racionero-Gómez, B., Marschalek, J.W. & Greenwell, H.C. (2017). Translocation of isotopically distinct macroalgae: a route to low-cost biomonitoring? Chemosphere 184: 1175-1185.
• Clark, K.E., Hilton, R.G., West, A.J., Robles Caceres, A., Grocke, D.R., Marthews, T.R., Ferguson, R.I., Asner, G.P., New, M. & Malhi, Y. (2017). Erosion of organic carbon from the Andes and its affects on ecosystem carbon dioxide balance. Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences 122(3): 449-469.
• Li, Y., Li, J., Li, X., Selby, D., Huang, G., Chen, L. & Zheng, K. (2017). An Early Cretaceous carbonate replacement origin for the Xinqiao stratabound massive sulfide deposit, Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, China. Ore Geology Reviews 80: 985-1003.
• Them II, T.R., Gill, B.C., Caruthers, A.H., Gröcke, D.R., Tulsky, E.T., Martindale, R.C., Poulton, T.P. & Smith, P.L. (2017). High-resolution carbon isotope records of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic) from North America and implications for the global drivers of the Toarcian carbon cycle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 459: 118-126.
• Racionero-Gómez, B., Sproson, A.D., Selby, D., Gannoun, A., Gröcke, D.R., Greenwell, H.C. & Burton, K.W. (2017). Osmium uptake, distribution, and 187Os/188Os and 187Re/188Os compositions in Phaeophyceae macroalgae, Fucus vesiculosus: Implications for determining the 187Os/188Os composition of seawater. Geochimica Cosmochimica et Acta 199: 48-57.
• Chang, J.C., Shulmeister, J., Gröcke, D.R. & Woodward, C. (2017). Towards more accurate temperature reconstructions based on oxygen isotopes of subfossil chironomid head-capsules in Australia. Limnology & Oceanography in press.
• Gröcke, D.R., Sauer, P.E., Bridault, A., Drucker, D.G., Germonpré, M. & Bocherens, H. (2017). Hydrogen isotopes in Quaternary mammal collagen from Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11: 12-16.
• King, Charlotte L., Millard, Andrew R., Gröcke, Darren R., Standen, Vivien G., Arriaza, Bernardo T. & Halcrow, Siân E. (2017). A comparison of using bulk and incremental isotopic analyses to establish weaning practices in the past. STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research 3(1): 126-134.
• Redfern, R., Gröcke, D.R., Millard, A.R., Ridgeway, V., Johnson, L. & Hefner, J.T. (2016). Going south of the river: a multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London. Journal of Archaeological Science 74: 11-22.
• Jørkov, M.L.S. & Gröcke, D.R. (2016). Investigating adult diet during Industrialization in Copenhagen based on stable isotope analysis of bone collagen and hair keratin. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9(7): 1327-1341.
• Racionero-Gómez, B., Sproson, A.D., Selby, D., Gröcke, D.R., Redden, H. & Greenwell, H.C. (2016). Rhenium uptake and distribution in phaeophyceae macroalgae, Fucus vesiculosus. Royal Society Open Science 3(5): 160161.
• Reisinger, R.R., Gröcke, D.R., Lübcker, E.L., McClymont, E.L., Hoelzel, A.R. & Nico de Bruyn, P.J. (2016). Variation in the diet of killer whales Orcinus orca at Marion Island, Southern Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 549: 263-274.
• Wang, J., Jin, Z., Hilton, R.G., Zhang, F., Li, G., Densmore, A. L., Gröcke, D. R., Xu, X. & West, A. J. (2016). Earthquake-triggered increase in biospheric carbon export from a mountain belt. Geology 44(6): 471-474.
• Sciscio, L., Tsikos, H., Roberts, D.L., Scott, L., van Breugel, Y., Sinninghe Damste, J.S., Schouten, S. & Gröcke, D.R. (2016). Miocene climate and vegetation changes in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: evidence from biogeochemistry and palynology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 445: 124-137.
• Newport, Leo P., Aplin, Andrew C., Gluyas, Jon G., Greenwell, H. Christopher & Gröcke, Darren R. (2016). Geochemical and lithological controls on a potential shale reservoir: Carboniferous Holywell Shale, Wales. Marine and Petroleum Geology 71: 198-210.
• Treasure, E. R., Church, M. J. & Gröcke, D. R. (2016). The influence of manuring on stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in Celtic bean (Vicia faba L.): archaeobotanical and palaeodietary implications. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 8(3): 555-562.
• Rocha, C., Veiga-Pires, C., Scholten, J., Knoeller, K., Gröcke, D.R., Carvalho, L., Anibal, J. & Wilson, J. (2015). Assessing land-ocean connectivity via Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) in the Ria Formosa Lagoon (Portugal): combining radon measurements and stable isotope hydrology. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12(11): 12433-12482.
• Carroll, E.L., Baker, C.S., Watson, M., Alderman, R., Bannister, J., Gaggiotti, O.E., Gröcke, D.R., Patenaude, N. & Harcourt, R. (2015). Cultural traditions across a migratory network shape the genetic structure of southern right whales around Australia and New Zealand. Scientific Reports 5: 16182.
• Hilton, R.G., Galy, V., Gaillardet, J., Dellinger, M., Bryant, C., O’Regan, M., Gröcke, D.R., Coxall, H., Bouchez, J. & Calmels, D. (2015). Erosion of organic carbon in the Arctic as a geological carbon dioxide sink. Nature 524(7563): 84-87.
• Olde, K., Jarvis, I., Uličný, D., Pearce, M.A., Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Čech, S., Gröcke, D.R., Laurin, J., Švábenická, L. & Tocher, B.A. (2015). Geochemical and palynological sea-level proxies in hemipelagic sediments: A critical assessment from the Upper Cretaceous of the Czech Republic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 435: 222-243.
• Raji, M., Gröcke, D.R., Greenwell, H.C., Gluyas, J.G. & Cornford, C. (2015). The effect of interbedding on shale reservoir properties. Marine and Petroleum Geology 67: 154-169.
• Jarvis, I., Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Gröcke, D. R., Uličný, D. & Laurin, J. (2015). Intercontinental correlation of organic carbon and carbonate stable-isotope records: evidence of climate and sea-level change during the Turonian (Cretaceous). The Depositional Record 1(2): 53-90.
• Olde, K., Jarvis, I., Pearce, M., Ulicný, D., Tocher, B., Trabucho-Alexandre, J. & Gröcke, D. R. (2015). A revised northern European Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy: Integrating palynology and carbon isotope events. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 213: 1-16.
• Metodiev, L. S., Savov, I. P., Gröcke, D. R., Wignall, P. B., Newton, R. J., Andreeva, P. V. & Koleva-Rekalova, E. K. (2014). Paleoenvironmental conditions recorded by 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O in late Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Jurassic) belemnites from Bulgaria. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 409: 98-113.
• Porter, S.J., Smith, P.L., Carruthers, A.H., Hou, P., Gröcke, D.R. & Selby, D. (2014). New high resolution geochemistry of Lower Jurassic marine sections in western North America: A global positive carbon isotope excursion in the Sinemurian? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 397: 19-31.
• Ulicný, D., Jarvis, I., Gröcke, D. R., Cech, S., Laurin, J., Olde, K., Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Svábenická, L. & Pedentchouk, N. (2014). A high-resolution carbon-isotope record of the Turonian stage correlated to a siliciclastic basin fill: Implications for mid-Cretaceous sea-level change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 405: 42-58.
• French, K. L., Sepúlveda, J., Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Gröcke, D. R. & Summons, R. E. (2014). Organic geochemistry of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in Hawsker Bottoms, Yorkshire, England. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 390: 116-127.
• Du Vivier, A.D.C., Selby, D., Sageman, B.B, Jarvis, I., Gröcke, D.R. & Voigt, S. (2014). Marine 187Os/188Os isotope stratigraphy reveals the interaction of volcanism and ocean circulation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Earth And Planetary Science Letters 389(1): 23-33.
• Caruthers, A. H., Smith, P. L. & Gröcke, D. R. (2013). The Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction, a global multi-phased event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386: 104-118.
• Szpak, P., Orchard, T. J., Salomon, A. K. & Gröcke, D. R. (2013). Regional ecological variability and impact of the maritime fur trade on nearshore ecosystems in southern Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada): evidence from stable isotope analysis of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) bone collagen. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 5(2): 159-182.
• Porter, S.J., Selby, D., Suzuki, K. & Gröcke, D.R. (2013). Opening of a trans-Pangaean marine corridor during the Early Jurassic: Insights from osmium isotopes across the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian GSSP, Robin Hood's Bay, UK. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 375: 50-58.
• Roberts, C.A., Millard, A.R., Nowell, G.M., Gröcke, D., Macpherson, C., Pearson, G. & Evans, D.H. (2013). Isotopic tracing of the impact of mobility on infectious disease: The origin of people with treponematosis buried in hull, England, in the late medieval period. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150(2): 273-285.
• Groves, S.E., Roberts, C.A., Lucy, S., Pearson, G., Gröcke, D.R., Nowell, G., Macpherson, C.G. & Young, G. (2013). Mobility histories of 7th-9th century AD people buried at Early Medieval Bamburgh, Northumberland, England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 151(3): 462-476.
• Clark, K.E., Hilton, R.G., West, A.J., Malhi, Y., Gröcke, D.R., Bryant, C.L., Ascough, P.L., Robles Caceres, A. & New, M. (2013). New views on old carbon in the Amazon river: Insight from the source of organic carbon eroded from the Peruvian Andes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14(5): 1644-1659.
• van Hardenbroek, M., Gröcke, D. R., Sauer, P. E. & Elias, S. A. (2012). North American transect of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water beetles from a museum collection. Journal of Paleolimnology 48(2): 461-470.
• Szpak, P., Orchard, T. J., McKechnie, I. & Gröcke, D. R. (2012). Historical ecology of late Holocene sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from northern British Columbia: isotopic and zooarchaeological perspectives. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(5): 1553-1571.
• Balsamo, F., Storti, F. & Gröcke, D. R. (2012). Fault-related fluid flow history in shallow marine sediments from carbonate concretions, Crotone basin, south Italy. Journal of the Geological Society 169(5): 613-626.
• Huber, B. T., MacLeod, K. G., Gröcke, D. R. & Kucera, M. (2011). Paleotemperature and paleosalinity inferences and chemostratigraphy across the Aptian/Albian boundary in the subtropical North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 26(4): PA4221.
• Jarvis, I., Lignum, J.S., Gröcke, D.R., Jenkyns, H.C. & Pearce, M.A. (2011). Black shale deposition, atmospheric CO2 drawdown, and cooling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Paleoceanography 26(3): PA3201.
• van Hengstum, P. J., Scott, D. B., Gröcke, D. R. & Charette, M. A. (2011). Sea level controls sedimentation and environments in coastal caves and sinkholes. Marine Geology 286(1-4): 35-50.
• Caruthers, A.H., Gröcke, D.R. & Smith, P.L. (2011). The significance of an Early Jurassic (Toarcian) carbon-isotope excursion in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 307(1-2): 19-26.
• Maloney, D., Sargent, C., Direen, N. G., Hobbs, R. W. & Gröcke, D.R. (2011). Re-evaluation of the Mentelle Basin, a polyphase rifted margin basin, offshore southwest Australia: new insights from integrated regional seismic datasets. Solid Earth 2(2): 107-123.
• Gröcke, D.R., Hori, R.S., Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Kemp, D.B. & Schwark, L. (2011). An open ocean record of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event. Solid Earth: An Interactive Open Access Journal of the European Geosciences Union 2(2): 245-257.
• Sargent, C., Hobbs, R.W. & Gröcke, D.R. (2011). Improving the interpretability of air-gun seismic reflection data using deterministic filters: A case history from offshore Cape Leeuwin, south-west Australia. Geophysics 76(3): B113-B125.
• Kuroda, J., Hori, R. S., Suzuki, K., Gröcke, D. R. & Ohkouchi, N. (2010). Marine osmium isotope record across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from a Pacific pelagic site. Geology 38(12): 1095-1098.
• Nunn, E. V., Price, G. D., Gröcke, D. R., Baraboshkin, E. Y., Leng, M. J. & Hart, M. B. (2010). The Valanginian positive carbon isotope event in Arctic Russia: Evidence from terrestrial and marine isotope records and implications for global carbon cycling. Cretaceous Research 31(6): 577-592.
• Szpak, P, Gröcke, D R, Debruyne, R, MacPhee, R D E, Guthrie, R D, Froese, D, Zazula, G D, Patterson, W P & Poinar, H N (2010). Regional differences in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of Pleistocene mammoths: Implications for paleoecology of the mammoth steppe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 286(1-2): 88-96.
• Finlay, A.J., Selby, D. & Gröcke, D.R. (2010). Tracking the Hirnantian glaciation using Os isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 293(3-4): 339-348.
• Diester-Haass, L., Billups, K., Gröcke, D. R., François, L., Lefebvre, V. & Emeis, K. C. (2009). Mid-Miocene paleoproductivity in the Atlantic Ocean and implications for the global carbon cycle. Paleoceanography 24(1): PA1209.
• Gröcke, D R, Rimmer, S M, Yoksoulian, L E, Cairncross, B, Tsikos, H & van Hunen, J. (2009). No evidence for thermogenic methane release in coal from the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 277(1-2): 204-212.
• Armstrong, H.A., Baldini, J., Challands, T.J., Gröcke, D.R. & Owen, A.W. (2009). Response of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone to Southern Hemisphere cooling during Upper Ordovician glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 284(3-4): 227-236.
• Szpak, P., Orchard, T.J. & Gröcke, D.R. (2009). A Late Holocene vertebrate food web from southern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia). Journal of Archaeological Science 36(12): 2734-2741.
• Ufnar, D. F., Gröcke, D. R. & Beddows, P. A. (2008). Assessing pedogenic calcite stable-isotope values: Can positive linear covariant trends be used to quantify palaeo-evaporation rates? Chemical Geology 256(1-2): 46-51.
• Ufnar, D. F., Ludvigson, G. A., González, L. & Gröcke, D. R. (2008). Precipitation rates and atmospheric heat transport during the Cenomanian greenhouse warming in North America: Estimates from a stable isotope mass-balance model. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266(1-2): 28-38.
• Palmqvist, P., Pérez-Claros, J. A., Janis, C. M. & Gröcke, D. R. (2008). Tracing the ecophysiology of ungulates and predator–prey relationships in an early Pleistocene large mammal community. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266(1-2): 95-111.
• Kingston, A.W., Gröcke, D.R. & Burchell, M. (2008). A multiaxial growth analysis of stable isotopes in the modern shell of Saxidomus gigantea: Implications for sclerochronology studies. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9(1): Q01007.
• Debruyne, R., Chu, G., King, C., Bos, K., Kuch, M., Schwarz, C., Szpak, P., Gröcke, D.R., Matheus, P., Zazula, G., Guthrie, D., Froese, D., Buigues, B., de Marliave, C., Flemming, C., Poinar, D., Fisher, D., Southon, J., Tikhonov, A.N., MacPhee, R.D.E. & Poinar, H. (2008). Out of America: Ancient DNA evidence for a New World origin of Late Quaternary Woolly Mammoths. Current Biology 18(17): 1320-1326.
• Gröcke, D.R. & Joeckel, R.M. (2008). A stratigraphic test of the terrestrial carbon-isotope record of the latest Albian OAE from the Dakota Formation, Nebraska. Kansas Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2008(2): 24-30.
• Gröcke, D.R. & Wortmann, U. (2008). Investigating climates, environments and biology using stable isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266(1-2): 1-2.
• Gröcke, D.R. & Gillikin, D.P. (2008). Advances in mollusc sclerochronology and sclerochemistry: tools for understanding climate and environment. Geo-Marine Letters 28(5-6): 265-268.
• van Hengstum, P. & Gröcke, D.R. (2008). Stable-isotope record of the Eifelian–Givetian boundary Kačák–otomari Event (Middle Devonian) from Hungry Hollow, Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45(3): 353-366.
• Kuch, M., Gröcke, D.R., Knyf, M., Thomas, M., Gilbert, P., Younghusband, B., Young, T., Marshal, I., Willerslev, E., Stoneking, M. & Poinar, H. (2007). A preliminary analysis of the DNA and diet of the extinct Beothuk: A systematic approach to ancient human DNA. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132(4): 594-604.
• Gröcke, D.R., Hesselbo, S.P. & Findlay, D.J. (2007). Atypical diagenetic effects on strontium-isotope composition of Early Jurassic belemnites, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44(2): 181-197.
• van Hengstum, P.J., Reinhardt, E.G., Medioli, F.S. & Gröcke, D.R. (2007). Exceptionally preserved Late Albian (Cretaceous) Arcellaceans (Thecamoebians) from the Dakota Formation near Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 37(4): 300-308.
• Gröcke, D.R. & Waltham, D. (2007). Reply to the comment on “Non-uniqueness and interpretation of the seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve” by John M. McArthur and Paul B. Wignall. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71(13): 3387.
• Gröcke, D. R., Ludvigson, G. A., Witzke, B. L., Robinson, S. A., Joeckel, R. M., Ufnar, D. F. & Ravn, R. L. (2006). Recognizing the Albian-Cenomanian (OAE1d) sequence boundary using plant carbon isotopes: Dakota Formation, Western Interior Basin, USA. Geology 34(3): 193-196.
• Waltham, D.A. & Gröcke, D.R. (2006). Non-uniqueness and interpretation of the seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70(2): 384-394.
• Gröcke, D.R., Schimmelmann, A., Elias, S. & Miller, R.F. (2006). Stable hydrogen-isotope ratios in beetle chitin: preliminary European data and re-interpretation of North American data. Quaternary Science Reviews 25(15-16): 1850-1864.
• Gröcke, D.R., Price, G.D., Robinson, S.A., Baraboshkin, E., Mutterlose, J. & Ruffell, A.H. (2005). The Upper Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) positive carbon-isotope event recorded in terrestrial plants. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240(2): 495-509.
• Orberger, B., Gallien, J-P., Pinti, D.L., Fialin, M., Daudin, L., Gröcke, D.R. & Pasava, J. (2005). Nitrogen and carbon partitioning in diagenetic and hydrothermal minerals from Paleozoic Black Shales, (Selwyn Basin, Yukon Territories, Canada). Chemical Geology 218(3-4): 249-264.
• Bádenas, B., Aurell, M. & Gröcke, D.R. (2005). Facies analysis and correlation of high-order sequences in middle-outer ramp successions: variations in exported carbonate on basin-wide δ13Ccarb (Kimmeridgian, NE Spain). Sedimentology 52(6): 1253-1275.
• Hall, R., McNicoll, V., Gröcke, D. R., Craig, J. & Jonhston, K. (2004). Integrated Stratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Fernie Formation in Alberta and British Columbia, western Canada. Revista Italian di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 110(1): 61-68.
• Gröcke, D. R., Price, G. D., Ruffell, A. H., Mutterlose, J. & Baraboshkin, E. (2003). Isotopic evidence for Late Jurassic-Early cretaceous climate change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 202(1-2): 97-118.
• Palmqvist, P., Gröcke, D. R., Arribas, A. & Fariña, R. A. (2003). Paleoecological reconstruction of a lower Pleistocene large mammal community using biogeochemical (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, Sr: Zn) and ecomorphological approaches. Paleobiology 29(2): 205-229.
• Price, G. D. & Gröcke, D. R. (2002). Strontium-isotope stratigraphy and oxygen-and carbon-isotope variation during the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of the Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 183(3-4): 209-222.
• Ruffell, A. H., Price, G. D., Mutterlose, J., Kessels, K. & Gröcke, D. R. (2002). Palaeoclimate indicators (clay minerals, calcareous nannofossils, stable isotopes) compared from two successions in the late Jurassic of the Volga Basin (SE Russia). Geological Journal 37(1): 17-33.
• Gröcke, D. R. (2002). The carbon isotope composition of ancient CO2 based on higher-plant organic matter. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 360(1793): 633-658.
• Jenkyns, H. C., Jones, C. E. & Gröcke, D. R. (2002). Chemostratigraphy of the Jurassic System: applications, limitations and implications for palaeoceanography. Journal of the Geological Society of London 159(4): 351-378.
• Palmqvist, P., Mendoza, M., Arribas, A. & Gröcke, D. R. (2002). Estimating the body mass of Pleistocene canids: discussion of some methodological problems and a new 'taxon free' approach. Lethaia 35(4): 358-360.
• Beerling, D. J., Lomas, M. R. & Gröcke, D. R. (2002). On the nature of methane gas-hydrate dissociation during the Toarcian and Aptian oceanic anoxic events. American Journal of Science 302(1): 28-49.
• Jenkyns, H. C., Gröcke, D. R. & Hesselbo, S. P. (2001). Nitrogen isotope evidence for water mass denitrification during the early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography 16(6): 593-603.
• Hesselbo, S. P., Gröcke, D. R., Jenkyns, H. C., Bjerrum, C. J., Farrimond, P., Morgans Bell, H. S. & Green, O. R. (2000). Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event. Nature 406(6794): 392-395.
• Hesselbo, S. P., Meister, C. & Gröcke, D. R. (2000). A potential global stratotype for the Sinemurian_Pliensbachian boundary (Lower Jurassic), Robin Hood's Bay, UK: ammonite faunas and isotope stratigraphy. Geological Magazine 137(6): 601-607.
• Kennedy, W. J., Gale, A. S., Bown, P. R., Caron, M., Davey, R. J., Gröcke, D. R. & Wray, D. S. (2000). Integrated stratigraphy across the Aptian-Albian boundary in the Marnes Bleues, at the Col de Pré-Guittard, Arnayon (Drôme), and at Tartonne (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), France: a candidate Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Boundary Point for the base of the Albian Stage. Cretaceous Research 21(5): 591-720.
• Gröcke, D. R., Hesselbo, S. P. & Jenkyns, H. C. (1999). Carbon-isotope composition of Lower Cretaceous fossil wood: Ocean-atmosphere chemistry and relation to sea-level change. Geology 27(2): 155-158.
• Gröcke, D. R. (1998). Carbon-isotope analyses of fossil plants as a chemostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental tool. Lethaia 31(1): 1-13.
• Gröcke, D. R. (1998). Collagenic and carbonate hydroxylapatite spacing in prehistoric humans: Possible relationship with dietary protein. Lethaia 31(1): 13-14.
• Gröcke, D. R., Bocherens, H. & Mariotti, A. (1997). Annual rainfall and nitrogen-isotope correlation in macropod collagen: application as a palaeoprecipitation indicator. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153(3-4): 279-285.
• Gröcke, D. R. (1997). Stable-isotope studies on the collagenic and hydroxylapatite components of fossils: Palaeoecological implications. Lethaia 30(1): 65-78.
• Bird, M. I. & Gröcke, D. R. (1997). Determination of the abundance and carbon isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61(16): 3413-3423.
• Gröcke, D.R. (1997). Distribution of C3 and C4 plants in the Late Pleistocene of South Australia recorded by isotope biogeochemistry of collagen in megafauna. Australian Journal of Botany 45(3): 607-617.

Report

• Gröcke, D. R. & Cannon, A. (2007). Stable Isotopes in Archaeological Midden Shells: High-Resolution Paleoclimatic & Paleoenvironmental Archives.