Staff profile

Following my undergraduate degree in Oxford and PhD at Southampton I worked for Photon Control an Opto-Mechanical company based in Cambridge designing the world’s first commercial diode pumped Nd:YAG laser. I then spent seven years at Keeler Ltd researching and designing ophthalmic instrumentation including a diode laser for retinal photocoagulation. In 1996 I moved to the newly founded Institute of Photonics at Strathclyde University to form, and lead, the applications team. While there I was one of the founders of the Centre for Biophotonics and the theme leader for the Physics and Life Sciences theme within SUPA (the Scottish Physics Alliance). I moved to Durham in January 2009 as part of the Biophysical Sciences initiative and from August 2011 I became Director of the BSI. I am a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and was elected a Fellow of the Optical Society of America in 2017.

New Book Publication

I have recently written a book, A Practical Guide to Optical Microscopy, which looks at all the current methods available to microscopists. It outlines the basic physics principles, provides guidelines on the practical use of microscopes and which method is best suited to a specific task. The book can be understood without a detailed knowledge of optics and is aimed at the general user of optical microscopy.

Research Interests

My research centres on the application and development of advanced photonics and optical technology to challenges within the life sciences. A strong focus of this has been in the application of adaptive optics, originally developed for astronomy, to deep optical sectioning microscopy, both confocal and multiphoton. The optical methods developed have been applied in a wide range of samples from brain through to novel methods of optically detecting early dental decay. Details can be found under the CFAI web pages. All of my research work is strongly multi-disciplinary and collaborative and is thus closely linked with the Biophysical Sciences Institute .

We have developed novel methods of imaging beating Zebrafish hearts using Single Plane Illumination microscopy supported by the British Heart Foundation (linked to Edinburgh University) and the EPSRC and some of the details can be found in a short podcast (Beating Hearts). More recently we have perfected the use of KillerRed (a genetically encoded fluorescent marker which when illuminated causes local cell death) in Zebrafish in vivo for the first time. This work entailed the use of opto-genetics and adaptive optics to ensure accurate targetting.

In clinical research I am part of the Proteus team led by Edinburgh University. We are devleoping novel technology to image inside the living human lung using flourescent lifetime imaging. My team are looking to apply the technology in new areas including for oral applications. In a separate project with a company NirVisio we are developing novel methods of dental caries detection using near infrared light.

• 2019: Chair EPSRC Strategic Advisory Team in Healthcare:
• 2019: External Examiner Manchester University:
• 2019: Deputy Editor Optics Express:
• 2018: UKRI Fellowship Panel Member:
• 2017: NIH and DFG International Grant Panel Member (2017-):
• 2017: Elected Fellow Optical Society of America:
• 2016: Jeremiah Horrocks Public Lecture:
• 2016: External Examiner University of Central Lancashire (2016-19):
• 2013: External Examiner Cardiff University (2013-16): Biophotonics Masters Course
• 2013: Associate Editor Optics Express (2013-2018): Editor for the highest ranked Optics Journal
• 2012: International Conference Organising Committee: I am on the international organising committees for several conferences including Photonics North and Photonics West (SPIE BIOS), Society of Experimental Biology and Photoptics
• 2010: Editor Biosensors and Bioelectronics (2010-2017): Highest ranked International Journal on Biosensors

Chapter in book

• Single Cell and Subcellular Measurements of Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration
  
  McCarron, J., Olson, M., Chambers, S., & Girkin, J. (2013). Single Cell and Subcellular Measurements of Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration. In D. G. Lambert & R. D. Rainbow (Eds.), Calcium signaling protocols. (pp. 239-251). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-086-1_15

Conference Paper

• Design, manufacture, and evaluation of prototype telescope windows for use in low-vision aids
  
  Young, L., Robertson, D., Love, G., Girkin, J., Cowie, E., Bourgenot, C., & Courtial, J. (2017). Design, manufacture, and evaluation of prototype telescope windows for use in low-vision aids. In A. J. Davis, C. F. Hahlweg, & J. R. Mulley (Eds.), Novel optical systems design and optimization XX.. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272992
• Realtime wavefront sensing in a SPIM microscope, and active aberration tracking
  
  Taylor, J. M., Saunter, C. D., Bourgenot, C., Girkin, J. M., & Love, G. D. (2015). Realtime wavefront sensing in a SPIM microscope, and active aberration tracking (T. G. Bifano, J. Kubby, & S. Gigan, Eds.). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080061
• Combining optical trapping in a microfluidic channel with simultaneous micro-Raman spectroscopy and motion detection
  
  Lawton, P., Saunter, C., & Girkin, J. (2014). Combining optical trapping in a microfluidic channel with simultaneous micro-Raman spectroscopy and motion detection. In B. L. Gray & H. Becker (Eds.), Proceedings of SPIE.. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2037022
• Light sheet adaptive optics microscope for 3D live imaging
  
  Bourgenot, C., Taylor, J., Saunter, C., Girkin, J., & Love, G. (2013). Light sheet adaptive optics microscope for 3D live imaging. In C. J. Cogswell (Ed.), Proceedings of SPIE. SPIE - International Society for Optics and Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002057
• AO modal optimization in a live, beating zebrafish heart
  
  Bourgenot, cyril, Taylor, J. M., Saunter, C. D., Girkin, J. M., & Love, G. D. (2013). AO modal optimization in a live, beating zebrafish heart. Presented at Imaging and Applied Optics Postdeadline, Arlington, Virginia, United States. https://doi.org/10.1364/aopt.2013.ow4a.4
• Adaptive optical methods for in vivo imaging in developing Zebra fish
  
  Girkin, J., Taylor, J., Bourgenot, C., Saunter, C., & Love, G. (2012). Adaptive optical methods for in vivo imaging in developing Zebra fish. In 2012 International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies (ISOT 2012). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/isot.2012.6403295
• Closed loop adaptive optics with a laser guide star for biological light microscopy
  
  Saunter, C. D., Bourgenot, C., Girkin, J. M., & Love, G. D. (2012). Closed loop adaptive optics with a laser guide star for biological light microscopy (S. S. Oliver, T. G. Bifano, & J. Kubby, Eds.). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.909927
• Wide field adaptive optics microscopy using both closed loop correction and image sharpness optimization
  
  Bourgenot, C., Love, G. D., Saunter, C. D., & Girkin, J. M. (2011). Wide field adaptive optics microscopy using both closed loop correction and image sharpness optimization. Presented at Imaging and Applied Optics, Toronto, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1364/aopt.2011.jtua2
• Heart synchronization for SPIM microscopy of living zebra fish
  
  Taylor, J., Saunter, C., Chaudhry, B., Henderson, D., Love, G., & Girkin, J. (2011). Heart synchronization for SPIM microscopy of living zebra fish (J.-A. Conchello, C. J. Cogswell, T. Wilson, & T. G. Brown, Eds.). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.874773
• Adaptive optics for wide-field microscopy
  
  Bourgenot, C., Saunter, C., Girkin, J., & Love, G. (2011). Adaptive optics for wide-field microscopy. Presented at Three-Dimensional and Multidimensional Microscopy: Image Acquisition and Processing XVIII, San Francisco, CA. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873857

Journal Article

• Biomimetic polypropylene-carbon intra-ply hybrid 3d woven composite with enhanced impact resistance
  
  Weatherburn, A., Montgomery, C., Scott, G., Ralph, C., Girkin, J., McGarrigle, C., McIlhagger, A., Archer, E., & Szyniszewski, S. (2025). Biomimetic polypropylene-carbon intra-ply hybrid 3d woven composite with enhanced impact resistance. Composite Structures, 366, Article 119177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119177
• Using spatial frequency domain imaging to monitor a skin biopsy wound: a pilot study
  
  Zhang, L., Bounds, A., & Girkin, J. (2024). Using spatial frequency domain imaging to monitor a skin biopsy wound: a pilot study. Biomedical Optics Express, 15(10), 5872-5885. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.536843
• Monte Carlo simulations and phantom modeling for spatial frequency domain imaging of surgical wound monitoring
  
  Zhang, L., Bounds, A., & Girkin, J. (2023). Monte Carlo simulations and phantom modeling for spatial frequency domain imaging of surgical wound monitoring. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 28(12), Article 126003. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.28.12.126003
• Bullseye Analysis: A Fluorescence Microscopy Technique to Detect Local Changes in Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production
  
  Hughes, J. G., Chisholm, D. R., Whiting, A., Girkin, J. M., & Ambler, C. A. (2023). Bullseye Analysis: A Fluorescence Microscopy Technique to Detect Local Changes in Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 29(2), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozac040
• Spectral index selection method for remote moisture sensing under challenging illumination conditions
  
  Graham, C., Girkin, J., & Bourgenot, C. (2022). Spectral index selection method for remote moisture sensing under challenging illumination conditions. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 14555. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18801-9
• Integrated fiber optic spectrally resolved downwelling irradiance sensor for pushbroom spectrometers
  
  Graham, C., Girkin, J. M., & Bourgenot, C. (2022). Integrated fiber optic spectrally resolved downwelling irradiance sensor for pushbroom spectrometers. Optics Express, 30(25), 45592-45598. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.477699
• LightBox: a multiwell plate illumination system for photoactive molecule characterization
  
  Bounds, A., Bailey, R., Adams, C., Callaghan, D., & Girkin, J. (2021). LightBox: a multiwell plate illumination system for photoactive molecule characterization. Journal of Biophotonics, 14(5), Article e202000481. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202000481
• Feature issue introduction: applications of adaptive optics
  
  Christou, J. C., Girkin, J., Kulcsár, C., & Young, L. K. (2021). Feature issue introduction: applications of adaptive optics. Optics Express, 29(8), 11533-11537. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.418282
• A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom
  
  Danson, C. N., White, M., Barr, J. R., Bett, T., Blyth, P., Bowley, D., Brenner, C., Collins, R. J., Croxford, N., Dangor, A. B., Devereux, L., Dyer, P. E., Dymoke-Bradshaw, A., Edwards, C. B., Ewart, P., Ferguson, A. I., Girkin, J. M., Hall, D. R., Hanna, D. C., … Winstone, T. (2021). A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom. High Power Laser Science and Engineering, 9, Article e18. https://doi.org/10.1017/hpl.2021.5
• Freeform based hYperspectral imager for MOisture Sensing (FYMOS)
  
  Graham, C., Girkin, J. M., & Bourgenot, C. (2021). Freeform based hYperspectral imager for MOisture Sensing (FYMOS). Optics Express, 29(11), 16007-16018. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.425660
• Early stage dental caries detection using near infrared spatial frequency domain imaging
  
  Bounds, A. D., & Girkin, J. M. (2021). Early stage dental caries detection using near infrared spatial frequency domain imaging. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 2433. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81872-7
• Full spectrum fluorescence lifetime imaging with 0.5 nm spectral and 50 ps temporal resolution
  
  Williams, G. O., Williams, E., Finlayson, N., Erdogan, A. T., Wang, Q., Fernandes, S., Akram, A. R., Dhaliwal, K., Henderson, R. K., Girkin, J. M., & Bradley, M. (2021). Full spectrum fluorescence lifetime imaging with 0.5 nm spectral and 50 ps temporal resolution. Nature Communications, 12, Article 6616. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26837-0
• Three-dimensional data capture and analysis of intact eye lenses evidences emmetropia-associated changes and strain-dependent differences in epithelial cell organization
  
  Kalligeraki, A. A., Isted, A., Pal, R., Saunter, C., Girkin, J., Jarrin, M., Uwineza, A., Obara, B., & Quinlan, R. A. (2020). Three-dimensional data capture and analysis of intact eye lenses evidences emmetropia-associated changes and strain-dependent differences in epithelial cell organization. Scientific Reports, 10, Article 16898. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73625-9
• Cellular localisation of structurally diverse diphenylacetylene fluorophores
  
  Chisholm, D. R., Hughes, J. G., Blacker, T. S., Humann, R., Adams, C., Callaghan, D., Pujol, A., Lembicz, N. K., Bain, A. J., Girkin, J. M., Ambler, C. A., & Whiting, A. (2020). Cellular localisation of structurally diverse diphenylacetylene fluorophores. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 18(45), 9231-9245. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ob01153c
• Multi-plane remote refocussing epifluorescence microscopy to image dynamic Ca2+ events
  
  Lawton, P., Buckley, C., Saunter, C., Wilson, C., Corbett, A., Salter, P., McCarron, J., & Girkin, J. (2019). Multi-plane remote refocussing epifluorescence microscopy to image dynamic Ca2+ events. Biomedical Optics Express, 10(11), 5611-5624. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.10.005611
• Photoactivated cell-killing involving a low molecular weight, donor-acceptor diphenylacetylene
  
  Chisholm, D., Lamb, R., Pallett, T., Affleck, V., Holden, C., Marrison, J., O’Toole, P., Ashton, P., Newling, K., Steffen, A., Nelson, A., Mahler, C., Valentine, R., Blacker, T., Bain, A. J., Girkin, J. M., Marder, T. B., Whiting, A., & Ambler, C. A. (2019). Photoactivated cell-killing involving a low molecular weight, donor-acceptor diphenylacetylene. Chemical Science, 10(17), 4673-4683. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sc00199a
• Scattering of spoof surface plasmon polaritons in defect-rich THz waveguides
  
  Klein, A. K., Basden, A., Hammler, J., Tyas, L., Cooke, M., Balocco, C., Zeze, D., Girkin, J. M., & Gallant, A. (2019). Scattering of spoof surface plasmon polaritons in defect-rich THz waveguides. Scientific Reports, 9(1), Article 6288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42412-6
• VasoTracker, a Low-Cost and Open Source Pressure Myograph System for Vascular Physiology
  
  Lawton, P. F., Lee, M. D., Saunter, C. D., Girkin, J. M., McCarron, J. G., & Wilson, C. (2019). VasoTracker, a Low-Cost and Open Source Pressure Myograph System for Vascular Physiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, Article 99. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00099
• Mitochondrial ATP production provides long-range control of endothelial inositol trisphosphate–evoked calcium signaling
  
  Wilson, C., Lee, M. D., Heathcote, H., Zhang, X., Buckley, C., Girkin, J. M., Saunter, C. D., & McCarron, J. G. (2019). Mitochondrial ATP production provides long-range control of endothelial inositol trisphosphate–evoked calcium signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 294(3), 758-758. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.005913
• High-speed dual color fluorescence lifetime endomicroscopy for highly-multiplexed pulmonary diagnostic applications and detection of labeled bacteria
  
  Pedretti, E., Tanner, M. G., Choudhary, T. R., Krstajić, N., Megia-Fernandez, A., Henderson, R. K., Bradley, M., Thomson, R. R., Girkin, J. M., Dhaliwal, K., & Dalgarno, P. A. (2019). High-speed dual color fluorescence lifetime endomicroscopy for highly-multiplexed pulmonary diagnostic applications and detection of labeled bacteria. Biomedical Optics Express, 10(1), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.10.000181
• Tandem fluorescence and Raman (fluoRaman) characterisation of a novel photosensitiser in colorectal cancer cell line SW480
  
  Gala de Pablo, J., Chisholm, D. R., Steffen, A., Nelson, A. K., Mahler, C., Marder, T. B., Peyman, S. A., Girkin, J. M., Ambler, C. A., Whiting, A., & Evans, S. D. (2018). Tandem fluorescence and Raman (fluoRaman) characterisation of a novel photosensitiser in colorectal cancer cell line SW480. Analyst, 143(24), 6113-6120. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8an01461b
• Effects of maternal anxiety and depression on fetal neuro-development
  
  Reissland, N., Froggatt, S., Reames, E., & Girkin, J. (2018). Effects of maternal anxiety and depression on fetal neuro-development. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 469-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.047
• Non-invasive in vivo quantification of the developing optical properties and graded index of the embryonic eye lens using SPIM
  
  Young, L., Jarrin, M., Saunter, C., Quinlan, R., & Girkin, J. (2018). Non-invasive in vivo quantification of the developing optical properties and graded index of the embryonic eye lens using SPIM. Biomedical Optics Express, 9(5), 2176-2188. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.9.002176
• The light-sheet microscopy revolution
  
  Girkin, J. M., & Carvalho, M. T. (2018). The light-sheet microscopy revolution. Journal of Optics, 20(5), Article 053002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aab58a
• Precise spatio-temporal control of rapid optogenetic cell ablation with mem-KillerRed in Zebrafish
  
  Buckley, C., Carvalho, M., Young, L., Rider, S., McFadden, C., Berlage, C., Verdon, R., Taylor, J., Girkin, J., & Mullins, J. (2017). Precise spatio-temporal control of rapid optogenetic cell ablation with mem-KillerRed in Zebrafish. Scientific Reports, 7(1), Article 5096. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05028-2
• Towards a high-throughput real-time confocal microfluidic system for monitoring absorbance spectra in mixed-phase chemical reactions
  
  Lawton, P., & Girkin, J. (2017). Towards a high-throughput real-time confocal microfluidic system for monitoring absorbance spectra in mixed-phase chemical reactions. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 21(4), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-017-1904-9
• Advancing Age Decreases Pressure-Sensitive Modulation of Calcium Signaling in the Endothelium of Intact and Pressurized Arteries
  
  Wilson, C., Saunter, C. D., Girkin, J. M., & McCarron, J. G. (2017). Advancing Age Decreases Pressure-Sensitive Modulation of Calcium Signaling in the Endothelium of Intact and Pressurized Arteries. Journal of Vascular Research, 53(5-6), 358-369. https://doi.org/10.1159/000454811
• Shear banding in large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOStrain and LAOStress) of polymers and wormlike micelles
  
  Carter, K. A., Girkin, J. M., & Fielding, S. M. (2016). Shear banding in large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOStrain and LAOStress) of polymers and wormlike micelles. Journal of Rheology, 60(5), Article 883. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4960512
• Age decreases mitochondrial motility and increases mitochondrial size in vascular smooth muscle
  
  Chalmers, S., Saunter, C., Girkin, J., & McCarron, J. (2016). Age decreases mitochondrial motility and increases mitochondrial size in vascular smooth muscle. Journal of Physiology, 594(15), 4283-4295. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp271942
• Clusters of specialized detector cells provide sensitive and high fidelity receptor signaling in the intact endothelium
  
  Wilson, C., Saunter, C. D., Girkin, J. M., & McCarron, J. G. (2016). Clusters of specialized detector cells provide sensitive and high fidelity receptor signaling in the intact endothelium. FASEB Journal, 30(5), 2000-2013. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201500090
• Two-color widefield fluorescence microendoscopy enables multiplexed molecular imaging in the alveolar space of human lung tissue
  
  Krstajić, N., Akram, A. R., Choudhary, T. R., McDonald, N., Tanner, M. G., Pedretti, E., Dalgarno, P. A., Scholefield, E., Girkin, J. M., Moore, A., Bradley, M., & Dhaliwal, K. (2016). Two-color widefield fluorescence microendoscopy enables multiplexed molecular imaging in the alveolar space of human lung tissue. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 21(4), Article 046009. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.21.4.046009
• Pressure-dependent regulation of Ca2+ signalling in the vascular endothelium
  
  Wilson, C., Saunter, C. D., Girkin, J. M., & McCarron, J. G. (2015). Pressure-dependent regulation of Ca2+ signalling in the vascular endothelium. Journal of Physiology, 593(24), 5231-5253. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp271157
• Flicker-assisted localization microscopy reveals altered mitochondrial architecture in hypertension
  
  Chalmers, S., Saunter, C. D., Girkin, J. M., & McCarron, J. G. (2015). Flicker-assisted localization microscopy reveals altered mitochondrial architecture in hypertension. Scientific Reports, 5, Article 16875. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16875
• A dimensionless ordered pull-through model of the mammalian lens epithelium evidences scaling across species and explains the age-dependent changes in cell density in the human lens
  
  Wu, J., Wu, W., Tholozan, F., Saunter, C., Girkin, J., & Quinlan, R. (2015). A dimensionless ordered pull-through model of the mammalian lens epithelium evidences scaling across species and explains the age-dependent changes in cell density in the human lens. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 12(108). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0391
• Quantitative High Dynamic Range Beam Proling for Fluorescence Microscopy
  
  Mitchell, T., Saunter, C., O’Nions, W., Girkin, J., & Love, G. (2014). Quantitative High Dynamic Range Beam Proling for Fluorescence Microscopy. Review of Scientific Instruments, 85(10), Article 103713. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4899208
• Enamel erosion and prevention efficacy characterized by confocal laser scanning microscope
  
  Maia, A., Longbottom, C., Gomes, A., & Girkin, J. (2014). Enamel erosion and prevention efficacy characterized by confocal laser scanning microscope. Microscopy Research and Technique, 77(6), 439-445. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.22364
• Investigating the micro-rheology of the vitreous humor using an optically trapped local probe
  
  Watts, F., Tan, L. E., Wilson, C. G., Girkin, J. M., Tassieri, M., & Wright, A. J. (2014). Investigating the micro-rheology of the vitreous humor using an optically trapped local probe. Journal of Optics, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/16/1/015301
• Laser-targeted ablation of the zebrafish embryonic ventricle: A novel model of cardiac injury and repair
  
  Matrone, G., Taylor, J. M., Wilson, K. S., Baily, J., Love, G. D., Girkin, J. M., Mullins, J. J., Tucker, C. S., & Denvir, M. A. (2013). Laser-targeted ablation of the zebrafish embryonic ventricle: A novel model of cardiac injury and repair. International Journal of Cardiology, 168(4), Article 3913-3919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.063
• From Structure to Function: Mitochondrial Morphology, Motion and Shaping in Vascular Smooth Muscle
  
  McCarron, J. G., Wilson, C., Sandison, M. E., Olson, M. L., Girkin, J. M., Saunter, C., & Chalmers, S. (2013). From Structure to Function: Mitochondrial Morphology, Motion and Shaping in Vascular Smooth Muscle. Journal of Vascular Research, 50(5), 357-371. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353883
• Comparison of closed loop and sensorless adaptive optics in widefield optical microscopy
  
  Bourgenot, C., Saunter, C., Love, G., & Girkin, J. (2013). Comparison of closed loop and sensorless adaptive optics in widefield optical microscopy. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications, 8, Article 13027. https://doi.org/10.2971/jeos.2013.13027
• 3D adaptive optics in a light sheet microscope
  
  Bourgenot, C., Saunter, C. D., Taylor, J. M., Girkin, J. M., & Love, G. D. (2012). 3D adaptive optics in a light sheet microscope. Optics Express, 20(12), Article 13252-13261. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.013252
• Micro-endoscope for in vivo widefield high spatial resolution fluorescent imaging.
  
  Saunter, C., Semprini, S., Buckley, C., Mullins, J., & Girkin, J. (2012). Micro-endoscope for in vivo widefield high spatial resolution fluorescent imaging. Biomedical Optics Express, 3(6), 1274-1278. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.3.001274
• Impact of wavefront distortion and scattering on 2-photon microscopy in mammalian brain tissue.
  
  Chaigneau, E., Wright, A. J., Poland, S. P., Girkin, J. M., & Silver, R. A. (2011). Impact of wavefront distortion and scattering on 2-photon microscopy in mammalian brain tissue. Optics Express, 19(23), 22755-22774. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.022755
• Improved method for kinetic studies in microreactors using flow manipulation and noninvasive Raman spectrometry.
  
  Mozharov, S., Nordon, A., Littlejohn, D., Wiles, C., Watts, P., Dallin, P., & Girkin, J. (2011). Improved method for kinetic studies in microreactors using flow manipulation and noninvasive Raman spectrometry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133(10), 3601-3608. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1102234
• Multidepth, multiparticle tracking for active microrheology using a smart camera
  
  Silburn, S. A., Saunter, C. D., Girkin, J. M., & Love, G. D. (2011). Multidepth, multiparticle tracking for active microrheology using a smart camera. Review of Scientific Instruments, 82(3). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3567801
• Real-time optical gating for three-dimensional beating heart imaging
  
  Taylor, J., Saunter, C., Love, G., Girkin, J., Henderson, D., & Chaudhry, B. (2011). Real-time optical gating for three-dimensional beating heart imaging. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3652892
• Two-photon fluorescence excitation microscopy to assess transscleral diffusional pathways in an isolated perfused bovine eye model.
  
  Kek, W., Foulds, W., McConnell, G., Wright, A., Girkin, J., & Wilson, C. (2010). Two-photon fluorescence excitation microscopy to assess transscleral diffusional pathways in an isolated perfused bovine eye model. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 51, 5182-5189.
• A demonstration of the effectiveness of a single aberration correction per optical slice in beam scanned optically sectioning microscopes.
  
  Poland, S. P., Wright, A. J., Cobb, S., Vijverberg, J. C., & Girkin, J. M. (2010). A demonstration of the effectiveness of a single aberration correction per optical slice in beam scanned optically sectioning microscopes. Micron, 38, 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2010.05.018
• A miniaturised integrated biophotonic point-of care genotyping system.
  
  Girkin, J. M., Mohammed, M.-I., & Ellis, E. M. (2010). A miniaturised integrated biophotonic point-of care genotyping system. Faraday Discussions, 149, 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1039/c005271j
• Development of a low-cost confocal instrument to measure the axial dimensions of components in the anterior section of the eye
  
  Buttenschoen, K., Girkin, J., & Daly, D. (2010). Development of a low-cost confocal instrument to measure the axial dimensions of components in the anterior section of the eye. Clinical Optometry, 2, 67-72.
• Searched-based active optic systems for aberration correction in time-independent applications.
  
  Lubeigt, W., Poland, S., Valentine, G., Wright, A., Girkin, J., & Burns, D. (2010). Searched-based active optic systems for aberration correction in time-independent applications. Applied Optics, 49, 307-314.
• Non-invasive analysis in micro-reactors using Raman spectrometry with a specially designed probe.
  
  Moharzov, S., Nordon, A., Girkin, J., & Littlejohn, D. (2010). Non-invasive analysis in micro-reactors using Raman spectrometry with a specially designed probe. Lab on a Chip, 10(16), 2101-2107. https://doi.org/10.1039/c004248j
• A CMOS time-resolved fluorescence lifetime analysis micro-system
  
  Rae, B., Muir, K. R., Gong, Z., McKendry, J., Girkin, J. M., Gu, E., Renshaw, D., Dawson, M. D., & Henderson, R. (2009). A CMOS time-resolved fluorescence lifetime analysis micro-system. Sensors, 9(11), 9255-9274. https://doi.org/10.3390/s91109255
• Adaptive optics for deeper imaging of biological samples.
  
  Girkin, J., Poland, S., & Wright, A. (2009). Adaptive optics for deeper imaging of biological samples. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 20(1), 106-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.02.009
• A complete miniaturised genotyping system for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in human DNA samples.
  
  Mohammed, M.-I., Sills, G. J., Brodie, M. J., Ellis, E. M., & Girkin, J. M. (2009). A complete miniaturised genotyping system for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in human DNA samples. Sensors and Actuators B Chemical Biochemical Sensors, 139, 83-89.
• External Linearization of a MEMS Electrothermal Scanner with Application in a Confocal Microscope.
  
  Poland, S., Girkin, J., Li, L., & Uttamchandani, D. (2009). External Linearization of a MEMS Electrothermal Scanner with Application in a Confocal Microscope. Micro and Nano Letters, 4, 106-111.
• Design of diffractive optical elements for beam shaping of micro-pixellated LED light to a tightly focused spot.
  
  Liu, J., Caley, A., Taghizadeh, M., Gu, E., Girkin, J., & Dawson, M. (2008). Design of diffractive optical elements for beam shaping of micro-pixellated LED light to a tightly focused spot. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 41(9). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/9/094005
• Active focus-locking in an optically sectioning microscope utilizing a deformable membrane mirror
  
  Poland, S., Wright, A., & Girkin, J. (2008). Active focus-locking in an optically sectioning microscope utilizing a deformable membrane mirror. Optics Letters, 33, 419-421.
• Transfer of orbital angular momentum from a super-continuum, white-light beam
  
  Wright, A. J., Girkin, J. M., Gibson, G. M., Leach, J., & Padgett, M. J. (2008). Transfer of orbital angular momentum from a super-continuum, white-light beam. Optics Express, 16, 9495-9500. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.009495
• Simultaneous imaging of subplasma membrane & bulk cytoplasmic average Ca2+ concentrations in single smooth muscle cells
  
  McCarron, J., Anderson, K., Wright, A., & Girkin, J. (2008). Simultaneous imaging of subplasma membrane & bulk cytoplasmic average Ca2+ concentrations in single smooth muscle cells. Journal of Vascular Research, 45.
• Evaluation of fitness parameters used in an iterative approach to aberration correction in optical sectioning microscopy
  
  Poland, S., Wright, A., & Girkin, J. (2008). Evaluation of fitness parameters used in an iterative approach to aberration correction in optical sectioning microscopy. Applied Optics, 47(6), 731-735. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.47.000731
• Intracavity absorption spectrometry; A new technique for process analysis?
  
  Elejalde, U., Wright, A. J., & Girkin, J. M. (2008). Intracavity absorption spectrometry; A new technique for process analysis?. Chemistry Today, 26, 12-13.
• CMOS driven micro-pixel LEDs integrated with single photon avalanche diodes for time resolved fluorescence measurements
  
  Rae, 4. B., Griffin, C., McKendry, J., Girkin, J., Zhang, H., Gu, E., Renshaw, D., Charbon, E., Dawson, M., & Henderson, R. (2008). CMOS driven micro-pixel LEDs integrated with single photon avalanche diodes for time resolved fluorescence measurements. Journal of Applied Physics D, 41.
• Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy as a sensitive and selective technique for the detection of folic acid in water and human serum
  
  Stokes, R. J., McBride, E., Wilson, C. G., Girkin, J. M., Smith, W. E., & Graham, D. (2008). Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy as a sensitive and selective technique for the detection of folic acid in water and human serum. Applied Spectroscopy, 62(4), 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370208784046812
• Individually-addressable flip-chip AlInGaN micropixelated light emitting diode arrays with high continuous and nanosecond output power
  
  Zhang, H., Massoubre, D., McKendry, J., Gong, Z., Guilhabert, B., Griffin, C., Gu, E., Jessop, P., Girkin, J., & Dawson, M. (2008). Individually-addressable flip-chip AlInGaN micropixelated light emitting diode arrays with high continuous and nanosecond output power. Optics Express, 16, 9918-9926.
• Simultaneous imaging of subplasma membrane and bulk cytoplasmic average Ca2+ concentrations in single smooth muscle cells
  
  McCarron, J. G., Anderson, K. I., Wright, A. J., & Girkin, J. M. (2008). Simultaneous imaging of subplasma membrane and bulk cytoplasmic average Ca2+ concentrations in single smooth muscle cells. Biophysical Journal, 94.
• Investigation of dental samples using a 35 MHz focussed ultrasound piezocomposite transducer
  
  Hughes, D., Girkin, J., Poland, S., Longbottom, C., Button, T., Elgoyhen, J., Hughes, H., Meggs, C., & Cochran, S. (2008). Investigation of dental samples using a 35 MHz focussed ultrasound piezocomposite transducer. Ultrasonics, 49.
• ’Aether Drag’ and Moving Images
  
  Leach, J., Wright, A., Gotte, J., Girkin, J., Allen, L., Franke-Arnold, S., Barnett, S., & Padgett, M. (2008). ’Aether Drag’ and Moving Images. Physical Review Letters, 100(15), Article 153902. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.153902
• Parametric Resonance of Optically Trapped Aerosols
  
  Leonardo, R. D., Ruocco, G., Leach, J., Padgett, M., Wright, A., Girkin, J., Burnham, D., & McGloin, D. (2007). Parametric Resonance of Optically Trapped Aerosols. Physical Review Letters, 99(1). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.99.010601
• Adaptive optics for enhanced signal in CARS microscopy
  
  Wright, A., Poland, S., Girkin, J., Freudiger, C., Evans, C., & Xie, X. (2007). Adaptive optics for enhanced signal in CARS microscopy. Optics Express, 15.
• Characterization of natural carious lesions by fluorescence spectroscopy at 405-nm excitation wavelength
  
  Zezell, D. M., Ribeiro, A. C., Bachmann, L., Gomes, A. S. L., Rousseau, C., & Girkin, J. (2007). Characterization of natural carious lesions by fluorescence spectroscopy at 405-nm excitation wavelength. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 12.
• Optical ferris wheel for ultracold atoms
  
  Franke-Arnold, S., Leach, J., Padgett, M., Lembessis, V., Ellinas, D., Wright, A., Girkin, J., Ä Ohberg, P., & Arnold, A. (2007). Optical ferris wheel for ultracold atoms. Optics Express, 15, 8619-8625.
• Optical sectioning microscopes with no moving parts using a micro-stripe array light emitting diode
  
  Poher, V., Zhang, H., Kennedy, G., Griffin, C., Oddos, S., Gu, E., Elson, D., Girkin, J., French, P., Dawson, M., & Neil, M. (2007). Optical sectioning microscopes with no moving parts using a micro-stripe array light emitting diode. Optics Express, 15, 11196-11206.
• Time-correlated single-photon counting fluorescence lifetime confocal imaging of decayed and sound dental structures with a white-light supercontinuum source
  
  McConnell, G., Girkin, J., Ameer-Beg, S., Barber, P., Vojnovic Avijit Banerjee, B., Watson, T., & Cook, R. (2007). Time-correlated single-photon counting fluorescence lifetime confocal imaging of decayed and sound dental structures with a white-light supercontinuum source. Journal of Micrscopy, 225, 126-136.
• Development of fibre-optic confocal microscopy for detection and diagnosis of dental caries”
  
  Rousseau, C., Poland, S., Hall, A., Whitters, C., & Girkin, J. (2007). Development of fibre-optic confocal microscopy for detection and diagnosis of dental caries”. Caries Research, 41, 245-251.
• Real time, ultra low concentration detection of analytes in solution by infrared intracavity laser absorption
  
  Elejalde, U., & Girkin, J. (2007). Real time, ultra low concentration detection of analytes in solution by infrared intracavity laser absorption. Applied Optics, 46, 3995-3999.
• Polarisation and image rotation induced by a rotating dielectric rod: a treatment in terms of optical angular momentum
  
  Padgett, M., Whyte, G., Girkin, J., Wright, A., Allen, L., Öhberg, P., & Barnett, S. (2006). Polarisation and image rotation induced by a rotating dielectric rod: a treatment in terms of optical angular momentum. Optics Letters, 31, 2205-2207.
• Evaluation of enamel dental restoration interface by optical coherence tomography
  
  de Melo, L., de Araujo, R., Freitas, A., Zezell, D., Vieira, N., Girkin, J., Hall, A., Carvalho, M., & Gomes, A. (2005). Evaluation of enamel dental restoration interface by optical coherence tomography. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2141617